Cost Assumptions¶
The database of cost assumptions is stored in data/costs.csv.
It includes cost assumptions for all included technologies for specific years from various sources, namely for
- discount rate,
- lifetime,
- investment (CAPEX),
- fixed operation and maintenance (FOM),
- variable operation and maintenance (VOM),
- fuel costs,
- efficiency, and
- carbon-dioxide intensity.
The given overnight capital costs are annualised to net present costs with a discount rate of \(r\) over the economic lifetime \(n\) using the annuity factor
\[a = \frac{1-(1+r)^{-n}}{r}.\]
Based on the parameters above the marginal_cost and capital_cost of the system components are calculated.
Note
Another great resource for cost assumptions is the cost database from the Danish Energy Agency.
Modifying Cost Assumptions¶
Some cost assumptions (e.g. marginal cost and capital cost) can be directly overwritten in the config.yaml (cf. Section costs in Configuration).
To change cost assumptions in more detail, modify cost assumptions directly in data/costs.csv as this is not yet supported through the config file.
You can also build multiple different cost databases. Make a renamed copy of data/costs.csv (e.g. data/costs-optimistic.csv) and set the variable COSTS=data/costs-optimistic.csv in the Snakefile.
Default Cost Assumptions¶
| technology | year | parameter | value | unit | source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| solar-rooftop | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | standard for decentral |
| onwind | 2030 | lifetime | 30 | years | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind | 2030 | lifetime | 30 | years | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| solar | 2030 | lifetime | 25 | years | IEA2010 |
| solar-rooftop | 2030 | lifetime | 25 | years | IEA2010 |
| solar-utility | 2030 | lifetime | 25 | years | IEA2010 |
| PHS | 2030 | lifetime | 80 | years | IEA2010 |
| hydro | 2030 | lifetime | 80 | years | IEA2010 |
| ror | 2030 | lifetime | 80 | years | IEA2010 |
| OCGT | 2030 | lifetime | 30 | years | IEA2010 |
| nuclear | 2030 | lifetime | 45 | years | ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| CCGT | 2030 | lifetime | 30 | years | IEA2010 |
| coal | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | IEA2010 |
| lignite | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | IEA2010 |
| geothermal | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | IEA2010 |
| biomass | 2030 | lifetime | 30 | years | ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| oil | 2030 | lifetime | 30 | years | ECF2010 in DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| onwind | 2030 | investment | 1040 | EUR/kWel | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind | 2030 | investment | 1640 | EUR/kWel | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind-ac-station | 2030 | investment | 250 | EUR/kWel | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind-ac-connection-submarine | 2030 | investment | 2685 | EUR/MW/km | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind-ac-connection-underground | 2030 | investment | 1342 | EUR/MW/km | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind-dc-station | 2030 | investment | 400 | EUR/kWel | Haertel 2017; assuming one onshore and one offshore node + 13% learning reduction |
| offwind-dc-connection-submarine | 2030 | investment | 2000 | EUR/MW/km | DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf |
| offwind-dc-connection-underground | 2030 | investment | 1000 | EUR/MW/km | Haertel 2017; average + 13% learning reduction |
| solar | 2030 | investment | 600 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| biomass | 2030 | investment | 2209 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| geothermal | 2030 | investment | 3392 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| coal | 2030 | investment | 1300 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 PC (Advanced/SuperC) |
| lignite | 2030 | investment | 1500 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| solar-rooftop | 2030 | investment | 725 | EUR/kWel | ETIP PV |
| solar-utility | 2030 | investment | 425 | EUR/kWel | ETIP PV |
| PHS | 2030 | investment | 2000 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| hydro | 2030 | investment | 2000 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| ror | 2030 | investment | 3000 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| OCGT | 2030 | investment | 400 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| nuclear | 2030 | investment | 6000 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| CCGT | 2030 | investment | 800 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| oil | 2030 | investment | 400 | EUR/kWel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| onwind | 2030 | FOM | 2.450549 | %/year | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind | 2030 | FOM | 2.304878 | %/year | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| solar | 2030 | FOM | 4.166667 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| solar-rooftop | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | ETIP PV |
| solar-utility | 2030 | FOM | 3 | %/year | ETIP PV |
| biomass | 2030 | FOM | 4.526935 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| geothermal | 2030 | FOM | 2.358491 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| coal | 2030 | FOM | 1.923076 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 PC (Advanced/SuperC) |
| lignite | 2030 | FOM | 2.0 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 PC (Advanced/SuperC) |
| oil | 2030 | FOM | 1.5 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| PHS | 2030 | FOM | 1 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| hydro | 2030 | FOM | 1 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| ror | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| CCGT | 2030 | FOM | 2.5 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| OCGT | 2030 | FOM | 3.75 | %/year | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| onwind | 2030 | VOM | 2.3 | EUR/MWhel | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| offwind | 2030 | VOM | 2.7 | EUR/MWhel | DEA https://ens.dk/en/our-services/projections-and-models/technology-data |
| solar | 2030 | VOM | 0.01 | EUR/MWhel | RES costs made up to fix curtailment order |
| coal | 2030 | VOM | 6 | EUR/MWhel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 PC (Advanced/SuperC) |
| lignite | 2030 | VOM | 7 | EUR/MWhel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| CCGT | 2030 | VOM | 4 | EUR/MWhel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| OCGT | 2030 | VOM | 3 | EUR/MWhel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| nuclear | 2030 | VOM | 8 | EUR/MWhel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| gas | 2030 | fuel | 21.6 | EUR/MWhth | IEA2011b |
| uranium | 2030 | fuel | 3 | EUR/MWhth | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| oil | 2030 | VOM | 3 | EUR/MWhel | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| nuclear | 2030 | fuel | 3 | EUR/MWhth | IEA2011b |
| biomass | 2030 | fuel | 7 | EUR/MWhth | IEA2011b |
| coal | 2030 | fuel | 8.4 | EUR/MWhth | IEA2011b |
| lignite | 2030 | fuel | 2.9 | EUR/MWhth | IEA2011b |
| oil | 2030 | fuel | 50 | EUR/MWhth | IEA WEM2017 97USD/boe = http://www.iea.org/media/weowebsite/2017/WEM_Documentation_WEO2017.pdf |
| PHS | 2030 | efficiency | 0.75 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| hydro | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| ror | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| OCGT | 2030 | efficiency | 0.39 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| CCGT | 2030 | efficiency | 0.5 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| biomass | 2030 | efficiency | 0.468 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| geothermal | 2030 | efficiency | 0.239 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| nuclear | 2030 | efficiency | 0.337 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| gas | 2030 | CO2 intensity | 0.187 | tCO2/MWth | https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php |
| coal | 2030 | efficiency | 0.464 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 PC (Advanced/SuperC) |
| lignite | 2030 | efficiency | 0.447 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 |
| oil | 2030 | efficiency | 0.393 | per unit | DIW DataDoc http://hdl.handle.net/10419/80348 CT |
| coal | 2030 | CO2 intensity | 0.354 | tCO2/MWth | https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php |
| lignite | 2030 | CO2 intensity | 0.334 | tCO2/MWth | https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php |
| oil | 2030 | CO2 intensity | 0.248 | tCO2/MWth | https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php |
| geothermal | 2030 | CO2 intensity | 0.026 | tCO2/MWth | https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/co2_vol_mass.php |
| electrolysis | 2030 | investment | 350 | EUR/kWel | Palzer Thesis |
| electrolysis | 2030 | FOM | 4 | %/year | NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 |
| electrolysis | 2030 | lifetime | 18 | years | NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 |
| electrolysis | 2030 | efficiency | 0.8 | per unit | NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 |
| fuel cell | 2030 | investment | 339 | EUR/kWel | NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 |
| fuel cell | 2030 | FOM | 3 | %/year | NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 |
| fuel cell | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 |
| fuel cell | 2030 | efficiency | 0.58 | per unit | NREL http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/45873.pdf; budischak2013 conservative 2020 |
| hydrogen storage | 2030 | investment | 11.2 | USD/kWh | budischak2013 |
| hydrogen storage | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | budischak2013 |
| hydrogen underground storage | 2030 | investment | 0.5 | EUR/kWh | maximum from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46719.pdf |
| hydrogen underground storage | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstruktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Publikationen/Materialien/ESYS_Technologiesteckbrief_Energiespeicher.pdf |
| H2 pipeline | 2030 | investment | 267 | EUR/MW/km | Welder et al https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.156 |
| H2 pipeline | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | Krieg2012 http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/136392/files/Energie%26Umwelt_144.pdf |
| H2 pipeline | 2030 | FOM | 5 | %/year | Krieg2012 http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/136392/files/Energie%26Umwelt_144.pdf |
| H2 pipeline | 2030 | efficiency | 0.98 | per unit | Krieg2012 http://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/136392/files/Energie%26Umwelt_144.pdf |
| methanation | 2030 | investment | 1000 | EUR/kWH2 | Schaber thesis |
| methanation | 2030 | lifetime | 25 | years | Schaber thesis |
| methanation | 2030 | FOM | 3 | %/year | Schaber thesis |
| methanation | 2030 | efficiency | 0.6 | per unit | Palzer; Breyer for DAC |
| helmeth | 2030 | investment | 1000 | EUR/kW | no source |
| helmeth | 2030 | lifetime | 25 | years | no source |
| helmeth | 2030 | FOM | 3 | %/year | no source |
| helmeth | 2030 | efficiency | 0.8 | per unit | HELMETH press release |
| DAC | 2030 | investment | 250 | EUR/(tCO2/a) | Fasihi/Climeworks |
| DAC | 2030 | lifetime | 30 | years | Fasihi |
| DAC | 2030 | FOM | 4 | %/year | Fasihi |
| battery inverter | 2030 | investment | 411 | USD/kWel | budischak2013 |
| battery inverter | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | budischak2013 |
| battery inverter | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit charge/discharge | budischak2013; Lund and Kempton (2008) http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.007 |
| battery inverter | 2030 | FOM | 3 | %/year | budischak2013 |
| battery storage | 2030 | investment | 192 | USD/kWh | budischak2013 |
| battery storage | 2030 | lifetime | 15 | years | budischak2013 |
| decentral air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | investment | 1050 | EUR/kWth | HP; Palzer thesis |
| decentral air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | HP; Palzer thesis |
| decentral air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | FOM | 3.5 | %/year | Palzer thesis |
| decentral air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | efficiency | 3 | per unit | default for costs |
| decentral air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| decentral ground-sourced heat pump | 2030 | investment | 1400 | EUR/kWth | Palzer thesis |
| decentral ground-sourced heat pump | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | Palzer thesis |
| decentral ground-sourced heat pump | 2030 | FOM | 3.5 | %/year | Palzer thesis |
| decentral ground-sourced heat pump | 2030 | efficiency | 4 | per unit | default for costs |
| decentral ground-sourced heat pump | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| central air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | investment | 700 | EUR/kWth | Palzer thesis |
| central air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | Palzer thesis |
| central air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | FOM | 3.5 | %/year | Palzer thesis |
| central air-sourced heat pump | 2030 | efficiency | 3 | per unit | default for costs |
| retrofitting I | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| retrofitting I | 2030 | lifetime | 50 | years | Palzer thesis |
| retrofitting I | 2030 | FOM | 1 | %/year | Palzer thesis |
| retrofitting I | 2030 | investment | 50 | EUR/m2/fraction reduction | Palzer thesis |
| retrofitting II | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| retrofitting II | 2030 | lifetime | 50 | years | Palzer thesis |
| retrofitting II | 2030 | FOM | 1 | %/year | Palzer thesis |
| retrofitting II | 2030 | investment | 250 | EUR/m2/fraction reduction | Palzer thesis |
| water tank charger | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | HP |
| water tank discharger | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | HP |
| decentral water tank storage | 2030 | investment | 860 | EUR/m3 | IWES Interaktion |
| decentral water tank storage | 2030 | FOM | 1 | %/year | HP |
| decentral water tank storage | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | HP |
| decentral water tank storage | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| central water tank storage | 2030 | investment | 30 | EUR/m3 | IWES Interaktion |
| central water tank storage | 2030 | FOM | 1 | %/year | HP |
| central water tank storage | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | HP |
| decentral resistive heater | 2030 | investment | 100 | EUR/kWhth | Schaber thesis |
| decentral resistive heater | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | Schaber thesis |
| decentral resistive heater | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | Schaber thesis |
| decentral resistive heater | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | Schaber thesis |
| decentral resistive heater | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| central resistive heater | 2030 | investment | 100 | EUR/kWhth | Schaber thesis |
| central resistive heater | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | Schaber thesis |
| central resistive heater | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | Schaber thesis |
| central resistive heater | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | Schaber thesis |
| decentral gas boiler | 2030 | investment | 175 | EUR/kWhth | Palzer thesis |
| decentral gas boiler | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | Palzer thesis |
| decentral gas boiler | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | Palzer thesis |
| decentral gas boiler | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| decentral gas boiler | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| central gas boiler | 2030 | investment | 63 | EUR/kWhth | Palzer thesis |
| central gas boiler | 2030 | lifetime | 22 | years | Palzer thesis |
| central gas boiler | 2030 | FOM | 1 | %/year | Palzer thesis |
| central gas boiler | 2030 | efficiency | 0.9 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| decentral CHP | 2030 | lifetime | 25 | years | HP |
| decentral CHP | 2030 | investment | 1400 | EUR/kWel | HP |
| decentral CHP | 2030 | FOM | 3 | %/year | HP |
| decentral CHP | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| central CHP | 2030 | lifetime | 25 | years | HP |
| central CHP | 2030 | investment | 650 | EUR/kWel | HP |
| central CHP | 2030 | FOM | 3 | %/year | HP |
| decentral solar thermal | 2030 | discount rate | 0.04 | per unit | Palzer thesis |
| decentral solar thermal | 2030 | FOM | 1.3 | %/year | HP |
| decentral solar thermal | 2030 | investment | 270000 | EUR/1000m2 | HP |
| decentral solar thermal | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | HP |
| central solar thermal | 2030 | FOM | 1.4 | %/year | HP |
| central solar thermal | 2030 | investment | 140000 | EUR/1000m2 | HP |
| central solar thermal | 2030 | lifetime | 20 | years | HP |
| HVAC overhead | 2030 | investment | 400 | EUR/MW/km | Hagspiel |
| HVAC overhead | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | Hagspiel |
| HVAC overhead | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | Hagspiel |
| HVDC overhead | 2030 | investment | 400 | EUR/MW/km | Hagspiel |
| HVDC overhead | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | Hagspiel |
| HVDC overhead | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | Hagspiel |
| HVDC submarine | 2030 | investment | 2000 | EUR/MW/km | DTU report based on Fig 34 of https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2014_nsog_report.pdf |
| HVDC submarine | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | Hagspiel |
| HVDC submarine | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | Hagspiel |
| HVDC inverter pair | 2030 | investment | 150000 | EUR/MW | Hagspiel |
| HVDC inverter pair | 2030 | lifetime | 40 | years | Hagspiel |
| HVDC inverter pair | 2030 | FOM | 2 | %/year | Hagspiel |