Configuration¶
PyPSA-Eur has several configuration options which are documented in this section and are collected in a config.yaml
file located in the root directory. Users should copy the provided default configuration (config.default.yaml
) and amend their own modifications and assumptions in the user-specific configuration file (config.yaml
); confer installation instructions at Set Up the Default Configuration.
Top-level configuration¶
version: 0.4.0
tutorial: false
logging:
level: INFO
format: '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s'
summary_dir: results
countries: ['AL', 'AT', 'BA', 'BE', 'BG', 'CH', 'CZ', 'DE', 'DK', 'EE', 'ES', 'FI', 'FR', 'GB', 'GR', 'HR', 'HU', 'IE', 'IT', 'LT', 'LU', 'LV', 'ME', 'MK', 'NL', 'NO', 'PL', 'PT', 'RO', 'RS', 'SE', 'SI', 'SK']
enable:
prepare_links_p_nom: false
retrieve_databundle: true
build_cutout: false
retrieve_cutout: true
build_natura_raster: false
retrieve_natura_raster: true
custom_busmap: false
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
version | – | 0.x.x | Version of PyPSA-Eur |
tutorial | bool | {true, false} | Switch to retrieve the tutorial data set instead of the full data set. |
logging | |||
– level | – | Any of {‘INFO’, ‘WARNING’, ‘ERROR’} | Restrict console outputs to all infos, warning or errors only |
– format | – | Custom format for log messages. See LogRecord attributes. | |
summary_dir | – | e.g. ‘results’ | Directory into which results are written. |
countries | – | Subset of {‘AL’, ‘AT’, ‘BA’, ‘BE’, ‘BG’, ‘CH’, ‘CZ’, ‘DE’, ‘DK’, ‘EE’, ‘ES’, ‘FI’, ‘FR’, ‘GB’, ‘GR’, ‘HR’, ‘HU’, ‘IE’, ‘IT’, ‘LT’, ‘LU’, ‘LV’, ‘ME’, ‘MK’, ‘NL’, ‘NO’, ‘PL’, ‘PT’, ‘RO’, ‘RS’, ‘SE’, ‘SI’, ‘SK’} | European countries defined by their Two-letter country codes (ISO 3166-1) which should be included in the energy system model. |
focus_weights | – | Keys should be two-digit country codes (e.g. DE) and values should range between 0 and 1 | Ratio of total clusters for particular countries. the remaining weight is distributed according to mean load. An example: focus_weights: 'DE': 0.6 'FR': 0.2 . |
enable | |||
– prepare_links_p_nom | bool | {true, false} | Switch to retrieve current HVDC projects from Wikipedia |
– retrieve_databundle | bool | {true, false} | Switch to retrieve databundle from zenodo via the rule retrieve_databundle or whether to keep a custom databundle located in the corresponding folder. |
– build_cutout | bool | {true, false} | Switch to enable the building of cutouts via the rule build_cutout . |
– retrieve_cutout | bool | {true, false} | Switch to enable the retrieval of cutouts from zenodo with retrieve_cutout . |
– build_natura_raster | bool | {true, false} | Switch to enable the creation of the raster natura.tiff via the rule build_natura_raster . |
– retrieve_natura_raster | bool | {true, false} | Switch to enable the retrieval of natura.tiff from zenodo with retrieve_natura_raster . |
– custom_busmap | bool | {true, false} | Switch to enable the use of custom busmaps in rule cluster_network . If activated the rule looks for provided busmaps at data/custom_busmap_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv which should have the same format as resources/busmap_elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}.csv , i.e. the index should contain the buses of networks/elec_s{simpl}.nc . |
scenario
¶
It is common conduct to analyse energy system optimisation models for multiple scenarios for a variety of reasons, e.g. assessing their sensitivity towards changing the temporal and/or geographical resolution or investigating how investment changes as more ambitious greenhouse-gas emission reduction targets are applied.
The scenario
section is an extraordinary section of the config file
that is strongly connected to the Wildcards and is designed to
facilitate running multiple scenarios through a single command
snakemake -j 1 solve_all_networks
For each wildcard, a list of values is provided. The rule solve_all_networks
will trigger the rules for creating results/networks/elec_s{simpl}_{clusters}_ec_l{ll}_{opts}.nc
for all combinations of the provided wildcard values as defined by Python’s itertools.product(…) function that snakemake’s expand(…) function uses.
An exemplary dependency graph (starting from the simplification rules) then looks like this:

scenario:
simpl: ['']
ll: ['copt']
clusters: [37, 128, 256, 512, 1024]
opts: [Co2L-3H]
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
simpl | – | cf. The {simpl} wildcard | List of {simpl} wildcards to run. |
clusters | – | cf. The {clusters} wildcard | List of {clusters} wildcards to run. |
ll | – | cf. The {ll} wildcard | List of {ll} wildcards to run. |
opts | – | cf. The {opts} wildcard | List of {opts} wildcards to run. |
snapshots
¶
Specifies the temporal range to build an energy system model for as arguments to pandas.date_range
snapshots:
start: "2013-01-01"
end: "2014-01-01"
closed: 'left' # end is not inclusive
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
start | – | str or datetime-like; e.g. YYYY-MM-DD | Left bound of date range |
end | – | str or datetime-like; e.g. YYYY-MM-DD | Right bound of date range |
closed | – | One of {None, ‘left’, ‘right’} | Make the time interval closed to the left , right , or both sides None . |
electricity
¶
electricity:
voltages: [220., 300., 380.]
co2limit: 7.75e+7 # 0.05 * 3.1e9*0.5
co2base: 1.487e+9
agg_p_nom_limits: data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv
extendable_carriers:
Generator: []
StorageUnit: [] # battery, H2
Store: [battery, H2]
Link: []
max_hours:
battery: 6
H2: 168
powerplants_filter: false # use pandas query strings here, e.g. Country not in ['Germany']
custom_powerplants: false # use pandas query strings here, e.g. Country in ['Germany']
conventional_carriers: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
renewable_capacities_from_OPSD: [] # onwind, offwind, solar
# estimate_renewable_capacities_from_capacity_stats:
# # Wind is the Fueltype in ppm.data.Capacity_stats, onwind, offwind-{ac,dc} the carrier in PyPSA-Eur
# Wind: [onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc]
# Solar: [solar]
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
voltages | kV | Any subset of {220., 300., 380.} | Voltage levels to consider when |
co2limit | \(t_{CO_2-eq}/a\) | float | Cap on total annual system carbon dioxide emissions |
co2base | \(t_{CO_2-eq}/a\) | float | Reference value of total annual system carbon dioxide emissions if relative emission reduction target is specified in {opts} wildcard. |
agg_p_nom_limits | file | path | Reference to .csv file specifying per carrier generator nominal capacity constraints for individual countries if 'CCL' is in {opts} wildcard. Defaults to data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv . |
extendable_carriers | |||
– Generator | – | Any subset of {‘OCGT’,’CCGT’} | Places extendable conventional power plants (OCGT and/or CCGT) where gas power plants are located today without capacity limits. |
– StorageUnit | – | Any subset of {‘battery’,’H2’} | Adds extendable storage units (battery and/or hydrogen) at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. |
– Store | – | Any subset of {‘battery’,’H2’} | Adds extendable storage units (battery and/or hydrogen) at every node/bus after clustering without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. |
– Link | – | Any subset of {‘H2 pipeline’} | Adds extendable links (H2 pipelines only) at every connection where there are lines or HVDC links without capacity limits and with zero initial capacity. Hydrogen pipelines require hydrogen storage to be modelled as Store . |
max_hours | |||
– battery | h | float | Maximum state of charge capacity of the battery in terms of hours at full output capacity p_nom . Cf. PyPSA documentation. |
– H2 | h | float | Maximum state of charge capacity of the hydrogen storage in terms of hours at full output capacity p_nom . Cf. PyPSA documentation. |
powerplants_filter | – | use pandas.query strings here, e.g. Country not in [‘Germany’] | Filter query for the default powerplant database. |
custom_powerplants | – | use pandas.query strings here, e.g. Country in [‘Germany’] | Filter query for the custom powerplant database. |
conventional_carriers | – | Any subset of {nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass} | List of conventional power plants to include in the model from resources/powerplants.csv . |
renewable_capacities_from_OPSD | [solar, onwind, offwind] | List of carriers (offwind-ac and offwind-dc are included in offwind) whose capacities ‘p_nom’ are aligned to the OPSD renewable power plant list | |
estimate_renewable_capacities_from_capacitiy_stats | |||
– Fueltype [ppm], e.g. Wind | list of fueltypes strings in PyPSA-Eur, e.g. [onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc] | converts ppm Fueltype to PyPSA-EUR Fueltype |
Warning
Carriers in conventional_carriers
must not also be in extendable_carriers
.
atlite
¶
Define and specify the atlite.Cutout
used for calculating renewable potentials and time-series. All options except for features
are directly used as cutout parameters.
atlite:
nprocesses: 4
cutouts:
# use 'base' to determine geographical bounds and time span from config
# base:
# module: era5
europe-2013-era5:
module: era5 # in priority order
x: [-12., 35.]
y: [33., 72]
dx: 0.3
dy: 0.3
time: ['2013', '2013']
europe-2013-sarah:
module: [sarah, era5] # in priority order
x: [-12., 45.]
y: [33., 65]
dx: 0.2
dy: 0.2
time: ['2013', '2013']
sarah_interpolate: false
sarah_dir:
features: [influx, temperature]
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
nprocesses | – | int | Number of parallel processes in cutout preparation |
cutouts | |||
– {name} | – | Convention is to name cutouts like <region>-<year>-<source> (e.g. europe-2013-era5 ). |
Name of the cutout netcdf file. The user may specify multiple cutouts under configuration atlite: cutouts: . Reference is used in configuration renewable: {technology}: cutout: . The cutout base may be used to automatically calculate temporal and spatial bounds of the network. |
– – module | – | Subset of {‘era5’,’sarah’} | Source of the reanalysis weather dataset (e.g. ERA5 or SARAH-2) |
– – x | ° | Float interval within [-180, 180] | Range of longitudes to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the spatial bounds of all bus shapes. |
– – y | ° | Float interval within [-90, 90] | Range of latitudes to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the spatial bounds of all bus shapes. |
– – time | Time interval within [‘1979’, ‘2018’] (with valid pandas date time strings) | Time span to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the time interval spanned by the snapshots. | |
– – features | String or list of strings with valid cutout features (‘inlfux’, ‘wind’). | When freshly building a cutout, retrieve data only for those features. If not defined, it defaults to all available features. |
renewable
¶
onwind
¶
renewable:
onwind:
cutout: europe-2013-era5
resource:
method: wind
turbine: Vestas_V112_3MW
capacity_per_sqkm: 3 # ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2
# correction_factor: 0.93
corine:
# Scholz, Y. (2012). Renewable energy based electricity supply at low costs:
# development of the REMix model and application for Europe. ( p.42 / p.28)
grid_codes: [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32]
distance: 1000
distance_grid_codes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
natura: true
potential: simple # or conservative
clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
cutout | – | Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts . Source module must be ERA5. |
Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored. |
resource | |||
– method | – | Must be ‘wind’ | A superordinate technology type. |
– turbine | – | One of turbine types included in atlite | Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve. |
capacity_per_sqkm | \(MW/km^2\) | float | Allowable density of wind turbine placement. |
corine | |||
– grid_codes | – | Any subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list | Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for wind turbine placement. |
– distance | m | float | Distance to keep from areas specified in distance_grid_codes |
– distance_grid_codes | – | Any subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list | Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes to which wind turbines must maintain a distance specified in the setting distance . |
natura | bool | {true, false} | Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true . |
potential | – | One of {‘simple’, ‘conservative’} | Method to compute the maximal installable potential for a node; confer Rule build_renewable_profiles |
clip_p_max_pu | p.u. | float | To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero. |
keep_all_available_areas | bool | {‘true’, ‘false’} | Use all availabe weather cells for renewable profile and potential generation. The default ignores weather cells where only less than 1 MW can be installed. |
offwind-ac
¶
offwind-ac:
cutout: europe-2013-era5
resource:
method: wind
turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
capacity_per_sqkm: 2
correction_factor: 0.8855
# proxy for wake losses
# from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153
# until done more rigorously in #153
corine: [44, 255]
natura: true
max_depth: 50
max_shore_distance: 30000
potential: simple # or conservative
clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
cutout | – | Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts . Source module must be ERA5. |
Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored. |
resource | |||
– method | – | Must be ‘wind’ | A superordinate technology type. |
– turbine | – | One of turbine types included in atlite | Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve. |
capacity_per_sqkm | \(MW/km^2\) | float | Allowable density of wind turbine placement. |
corine | – | Any realistic subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list | Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement. |
natura | bool | {true, false} | Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true . |
max_depth | m | float | Maximum sea water depth at which wind turbines can be build. Maritime areas with deeper waters are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential. |
min_shore_distance | m | float | Minimum distance to the shore below which wind turbines cannot be build. Such areas close to the shore are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential. |
potential | – | One of {‘simple’, ‘conservative’} | Method to compute the maximal installable potential for a node; confer Rule build_renewable_profiles |
clip_p_max_pu | p.u. | float | To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero. |
keep_all_available_areas | bool | {‘true’, ‘false’} | Use all availabe weather cells for renewable profile and potential generation. The default ignores weather cells where only less than 1 MW can be installed. |
offwind-dc
¶
offwind-dc:
cutout: europe-2013-era5
resource:
method: wind
turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
# ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2
capacity_per_sqkm: 2
correction_factor: 0.8855
# proxy for wake losses
# from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153
# until done more rigorously in #153
corine: [44, 255]
natura: true
max_depth: 50
min_shore_distance: 30000
potential: simple # or conservative
clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
cutout | – | Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts . Source module must be ERA5. |
Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored. |
resource | |||
– method | – | Must be ‘wind’ | A superordinate technology type. |
– turbine | – | One of turbine types included in atlite | Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve. |
capacity_per_sqkm | \(MW/km^2\) | float | Allowable density of wind turbine placement. |
corine | – | Any realistic subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list | Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement. |
natura | bool | {true, false} | Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true . |
max_depth | m | float | Maximum sea water depth at which wind turbines can be build. Maritime areas with deeper waters are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential. |
min_shore_distance | m | float | Minimum distance to the shore below which wind turbines cannot be build. Such areas close to the shore are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential. |
potential | – | One of {‘simple’, ‘conservative’} | Method to compute the maximal installable potential for a node; confer Rule build_renewable_profiles |
clip_p_max_pu | p.u. | float | To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero. |
keep_all_available_areas | bool | {‘true’, ‘false’} | Use all availabe weather cells for renewable profile and potential generation. The default ignores weather cells where only less than 1 MW can be installed. |
solar
¶
solar:
cutout: europe-2013-sarah
resource:
method: pv
panel: CSi
orientation:
slope: 35.
azimuth: 180.
capacity_per_sqkm: 1.7 # ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 170 MW/km^2
# Correction factor determined by comparing uncorrected area-weighted full-load hours to those
# published in Supplementary Data to
# Pietzcker, Robert Carl, et al. "Using the sun to decarbonize the power
# sector: The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar
# power." Applied Energy 135 (2014): 704-720.
# This correction factor of 0.854337 may be in order if using reanalysis data.
# for discussion refer to https://github.com/PyPSA/pypsa-eur/pull/304
# correction_factor: 0.854337
corine: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 31, 32]
natura: true
potential: simple # or conservative
clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
cutout | – | Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts . Source module can be ERA5 or SARAH-2. |
Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored that is specified at atlite/cutouts configuration. Both sarah and era5 work. |
resource | |||
– method | – | Must be ‘pv’ | A superordinate technology type. |
– panel | – | One of {‘Csi’, ‘CdTe’, ‘KANENA’} as defined in atlite | Specifies the solar panel technology and its characteristic attributes. |
– orientation | |||
– – slope | ° | Realistically any angle in [0., 90.] | Specifies the tilt angle (or slope) of the solar panel. A slope of zero corresponds to the face of the panel aiming directly overhead. A positive tilt angle steers the panel towards the equator. |
– – azimuth | ° | Any angle in [0., 360.] | Specifies the azimuth orientation of the solar panel. South corresponds to 180.°. |
capacity_per_sqkm | \(MW/km^2\) | float | Allowable density of solar panel placement. |
correction_factor | – | float | A correction factor for the capacity factor (availability) time series. |
corine | – | Any subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list | Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for solar panel placement. |
natura | bool | {true, false} | Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true . |
potential | – | One of {‘simple’, ‘conservative’} | Method to compute the maximal installable potential for a node; confer Rule build_renewable_profiles |
clip_p_max_pu | p.u. | float | To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero. |
keep_all_available_areas | bool | {‘true’, ‘false’} | Use all availabe weather cells for renewable profile and potential generation. The default ignores weather cells where only less than 1 MW can be installed. |
hydro
¶
hydro:
cutout: europe-2013-era5
carriers: [ror, PHS, hydro]
PHS_max_hours: 6
hydro_max_hours: "energy_capacity_totals_by_country" # one of energy_capacity_totals_by_country, estimate_by_large_installations or a float
clip_min_inflow: 1.0
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
cutout | – | Must be ‘europe-2013-era5’ | Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored. |
carriers | – | Any subset of {‘ror’, ‘PHS’, ‘hydro’} | Specifies the types of hydro power plants to build per-unit availability time series for. ‘ror’ stands for run-of-river plants, ‘PHS’ represents pumped-hydro storage, and ‘hydro’ stands for hydroelectric dams. |
PHS_max_hours | h | float | Maximum state of charge capacity of the pumped-hydro storage (PHS) in terms of hours at full output capacity p_nom . Cf. PyPSA documentation. |
hydro_max_hours | h | Any of {float, ‘energy_capacity_totals_by_country’, ‘estimate_by_large_installations’} | Maximum state of charge capacity of the pumped-hydro storage (PHS) in terms of hours at full output capacity p_nom or heuristically determined. Cf. PyPSA documentation. |
clip_min_inflow | MW | float | To avoid too small values in the inflow time series, values below this threshold are set to zero. |
lines
¶
lines:
types:
220.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
300.: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
380.: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
s_max_pu: 0.7
s_nom_max: .inf
length_factor: 1.25
under_construction: 'zero' # 'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove, 'keep': with full capacity
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
types | – | Values should specify a line type in PyPSA. Keys should specify the corresponding voltage level (e.g. 220., 300. and 380. kV) | Specifies line types to assume for the different voltage levels of the ENTSO-E grid extraction. Should normally handle voltage levels 220, 300, and 380 kV |
s_max_pu | – | Value in [0.,1.] | Correction factor for line capacities (s_nom ) to approximate \(N-1\) security and reserve capacity for reactive power flows |
s_nom_max | MW | float | Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable line. |
length_factor | – | float | Correction factor to account for the fact that buses are not connected by lines through air-line distance. |
under_construction | – | One of {‘zero’: set capacity to zero, ‘remove’: remove completely, ‘keep’: keep with full capacity} | Specifies how to handle lines which are currently under construction. |
links
¶
links:
p_max_pu: 1.0
p_nom_max: .inf
include_tyndp: true
under_construction: 'zero' # 'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove, 'keep': with full capacity
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
p_max_pu | – | Value in [0.,1.] | Correction factor for link capacities p_nom . |
p_nom_max | MW | float | Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable DC link. |
include_tyndp | bool | {‘true’, ‘false’} | Specifies whether to add HVDC link projects from the TYNDP 2018 which are at least in permitting. |
under_construction | – | One of {‘zero’: set capacity to zero, ‘remove’: remove completely, ‘keep’: keep with full capacity} | Specifies how to handle lines which are currently under construction. |
transformers
¶
transformers:
x: 0.1
s_nom: 2000.
type: ''
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
x | p.u. | float | Series reactance (per unit, using s_nom as base power of the transformer. Overwritten if type is specified. |
s_nom | MVA | float | Limit of apparent power which can pass through branch. Overwritten if type is specified. |
type | – | A transformer type in PyPSA. | Specifies transformer types to assume for the transformers of the ENTSO-E grid extraction. |
load
¶
load:
power_statistics: True # only for files from <2019; set false in order to get ENTSOE transparency data
interpolate_limit: 3 # data gaps up until this size are interpolated linearly
time_shift_for_large_gaps: 1w # data gaps up until this size are copied by copying from
manual_adjustments: true # false
scaling_factor: 1.0
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
url | – | string | Link to open power system data time series data. |
power_statistics | bool | {true, false} | Whether to load the electricity consumption data of the ENTSOE power statistics (only for files from 2019 and before) or from the ENTSOE transparency data (only has load data from 2015 onwards). |
interpolate_limit | hours | integer | Maximum gap size (consecutive nans) which interpolated linearly. |
time_shift_for_large_gaps | string | string | Periods which are used for copying time-slices in order to fill large gaps of nans. Have to be valid pandas period strings. |
manual_adjustments | bool | {true, false} | Whether to adjust the load data manually according to the function in manual_adjustment() . |
scaling_factor | – | float | Global correction factor for the load time series. |
costs
¶
costs:
year: 2030
discountrate: 0.07 # From a Lion Hirth paper, also reflects average of Noothout et al 2016
USD2013_to_EUR2013: 0.7532 # [EUR/USD] ECB: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/exchange/eurofxref/html/eurofxref-graph-usd.en.html
marginal_cost: # EUR/MWh
solar: 0.01
onwind: 0.015
offwind: 0.015
hydro: 0.
H2: 0.
electrolysis: 0.
fuel cell: 0.
battery: 0.
battery inverter: 0.
emission_prices: # in currency per tonne emission, only used with the option Ep
co2: 0.
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
year | – | YYYY; e.g. ‘2030’ | Year for which to retrieve cost assumptions of data/costs.csv . |
discountrate | – | float | Default discount rate if not specified for a technology in data/costs.csv . |
USD2013_to_EUR2013 | – | float | Exchange rate from USD \(_{2013}\) to EUR \(_{2013}\) from ECB |
capital_cost | EUR/MW | Keys should be in the ‘technology’ column of data/costs.csv . Values can be any float. |
For the given technologies, assumptions about their capital investment costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from data/costs.csv . |
marginal_cost | EUR/MWh | Keys should be in the ‘technology’ column of data/costs.csv . Values can be any float. |
For the given technologies, assumptions about their marginal operating costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from data/costs.csv . |
emission_prices | Specify exogenous prices for emission types listed in network.carriers to marginal costs. |
||
– co2 | EUR/t | float | Exogenous price of carbon-dioxide added to the marginal costs of fossil-fuelled generators according to their carbon intensity. Added through the keyword Ep in the {opts} wildcard only in the rule prepare_network` . |
Note
To change cost assumptions in more detail (i.e. other than marginal_cost
and capital_cost
), consider modifying cost assumptions directly in data/costs.csv
as this is not yet supported through the config file.
You can also build multiple different cost databases. Make a renamed copy of data/costs.csv
(e.g. data/costs-optimistic.csv
) and set the variable COSTS=data/costs-optimistic.csv
in the Snakefile
.
solving
¶
options
¶
solving:
options:
formulation: kirchhoff
load_shedding: false
noisy_costs: true
min_iterations: 4
max_iterations: 6
clip_p_max_pu: 0.01
skip_iterations: false
track_iterations: false
#nhours: 10
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
formulation | – | Any of {‘angles’, ‘kirchhoff’, ‘cycles’, ‘ptdf’} | Specifies which variant of linearized power flow formulations to use in the optimisation problem. Recommended is ‘kirchhoff’. Explained in this article. |
load_shedding | bool | {‘true’,’false’} | Add generators with a prohibitively high marginal cost to simulate load shedding and avoid problem infeasibilities. |
noisy_costs | bool | {‘true’,’false’} | Add random noise to marginal cost of generators by \(\mathcal{U}(0.009,0,011)\) and capital cost of lines and links by \(\mathcal{U}(0.09,0,11)\). |
min_iterations | – | int | Minimum number of solving iterations in between which resistance and reactence (x/r ) are updated for branches according to s_nom_opt of the previous run. |
max_iterations | – | int | Maximum number of solving iterations in between which resistance and reactence (x/r ) are updated for branches according to s_nom_opt of the previous run. |
nhours | – | int | Specifies the \(n\) first snapshots to take into account. Must be less than the total number of snapshots. Rather recommended only for debugging. |
clip_p_max_pu | p.u. | float | To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero. |
skip_iterations | bool | {‘true’,’false’} | Skip iterating, do not update impedances of branches. |
track_iterations | bool | {‘true’,’false’} | Flag whether to store the intermediate branch capacities and objective function values are recorded for each iteration in network.lines['s_nom_opt_X'] (where X labels the iteration) |
solver
¶
solver:
name: gurobi
threads: 4
method: 2 # barrier
crossover: 0
BarConvTol: 1.e-5
FeasibilityTol: 1.e-6
AggFill: 0
PreDual: 0
GURO_PAR_BARDENSETHRESH: 200
# solver:
# name: cplex
# threads: 4
# lpmethod: 4 # barrier
# solutiontype: 2 # non basic solution, ie no crossover
# barrier.convergetol: 1.e-5
# feasopt.tolerance: 1.e-6
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
name | – | One of {‘gurobi’, ‘cplex’, ‘cbc’, ‘glpk’, ‘ipopt’}; potentially more possible | Solver to use for optimisation problems in the workflow; e.g. clustering and linear optimal power flow. |
opts | – | Parameter list for Gurobi and CPLEX | Solver specific parameter settings. |
plotting
¶
plotting:
map:
figsize: [7, 7]
boundaries: [-10.2, 29, 35, 72]
p_nom:
bus_size_factor: 5.e+4
linewidth_factor: 3.e+3
costs_max: 800
costs_threshold: 1
energy_max: 15000.
energy_min: -10000.
energy_threshold: 50.
vre_techs: ["onwind", "offwind-ac", "offwind-dc", "solar", "ror"]
conv_techs: ["OCGT", "CCGT", "Nuclear", "Coal"]
storage_techs: ["hydro+PHS", "battery", "H2"]
load_carriers: ["AC load"]
AC_carriers: ["AC line", "AC transformer"]
link_carriers: ["DC line", "Converter AC-DC"]
tech_colors:
"onwind" : "#235ebc"
"onshore wind" : "#235ebc"
'offwind' : "#6895dd"
'offwind-ac' : "#6895dd"
'offshore wind' : "#6895dd"
'offshore wind ac' : "#6895dd"
'offwind-dc' : "#74c6f2"
'offshore wind dc' : "#74c6f2"
"hydro" : "#08ad97"
"hydro+PHS" : "#08ad97"
"PHS" : "#08ad97"
"hydro reservoir" : "#08ad97"
'hydroelectricity' : '#08ad97'
"ror" : "#4adbc8"
"run of river" : "#4adbc8"
'solar' : "#f9d002"
'solar PV' : "#f9d002"
'solar thermal' : '#ffef60'
'biomass' : '#0c6013'
'solid biomass' : '#06540d'
'biogas' : '#23932d'
'waste' : '#68896b'
'geothermal' : '#ba91b1'
"OCGT" : "#d35050"
"gas" : "#d35050"
"natural gas" : "#d35050"
"CCGT" : "#b20101"
"nuclear" : "#ff9000"
"coal" : "#707070"
"lignite" : "#9e5a01"
"oil" : "#262626"
"H2" : "#ea048a"
"hydrogen storage" : "#ea048a"
"battery" : "#b8ea04"
"Electric load" : "#f9d002"
"electricity" : "#f9d002"
"lines" : "#70af1d"
"transmission lines" : "#70af1d"
"AC-AC" : "#70af1d"
"AC line" : "#70af1d"
"links" : "#8a1caf"
"HVDC links" : "#8a1caf"
"DC-DC" : "#8a1caf"
"DC link" : "#8a1caf"
nice_names:
OCGT: "Open-Cycle Gas"
CCGT: "Combined-Cycle Gas"
offwind-ac: "Offshore Wind (AC)"
offwind-dc: "Offshore Wind (DC)"
onwind: "Onshore Wind"
solar: "Solar"
PHS: "Pumped Hydro Storage"
hydro: "Reservoir & Dam"
battery: "Battery Storage"
H2: "Hydrogen Storage"
lines: "Transmission Lines"
ror: "Run of River"
Unit | Values | Description | |
---|---|---|---|
map | |||
– figsize | – | [width, height]; e.g. [7,7] | Figure size in inches. |
– boundaries | ° | [x1,x2,y1,y2] | Boundaries of the map plots in degrees latitude (y) and longitude (x) |
– p_nom | |||
– – bus_size_factor | – | float | Factor by which values determining bus sizes are scaled to fit well in the plot. |
– – linewidth_factor | – | float | Factor by which values determining bus sizes are scaled to fit well in the plot. |
costs_max | bn Euro | float | Upper y-axis limit in cost bar plots. |
costs_threshold | bn Euro | float | Threshold below which technologies will not be shown in cost bar plots. |
energy_max | TWh | float | Upper y-axis limit in energy bar plots. |
energy_min | TWh | float | Lower y-axis limit in energy bar plots. |
energy_threshold | TWh | float | Threshold below which technologies will not be shown in energy bar plots. |
tech_colors | – | carrier -> HEX colour code | Mapping from network carrier to a colour (HEX colour code). |
nice_names | – | str -> str | Mapping from network carrier to a more readable name. |