Configuration

PyPSA-Eur has several configuration options which are documented in this section and are collected in a config/config.yaml file. This file defines deviations from the default configuration (config/config.default.yaml); confer installation instructions at Handling Configuration Files.

Top-level configuration

“Private” refers to local, machine-specific settings or data meant for personal use, not to be shared. “Remote” indicates the address of a server used for data exchange, often for clusters and data pushing/pulling.

version: 0.13.0
tutorial: false

logging:
  level: INFO
  format: '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s'

private:
  keys:
    entsoe_api:

remote:
  ssh: ""
  path: ""

	Unit	Values	Description
version	–	0.x.x	Version of PyPSA-Eur. Descriptive only.
tutorial	bool	{true, false}	Switch to retrieve the tutorial data set instead of the full data set.
logging
– level	–	Any of {‘INFO’, ‘WARNING’, ‘ERROR’}	Restrict console outputs to all infos, warning or errors only
– format	–		Custom format for log messages. See LogRecord attributes.
private
– keys
– – entsoe_api	–		Optionally specify the ENTSO-E API key. See the guidelines to get ENTSO-E API key
remote
– ssh	–		Optionally specify the SSH of a remote cluster to be synchronized.
– path	–		Optionally specify the file path within the remote cluster to be synchronized.

run

It is common conduct to analyse energy system optimisation models for multiple scenarios for a variety of reasons, e.g. assessing their sensitivity towards changing the temporal and/or geographical resolution or investigating how investment changes as more ambitious greenhouse-gas emission reduction targets are applied.

The run section is used for running and storing scenarios with different configurations which are not covered by Wildcards. It determines the path at which resources, networks and results are stored. Therefore the user can run different configurations within the same directory. If a run with a non-empty name should use cutouts shared across runs, set shared_cutouts to true.

run:
  prefix: ""
  name: ""
  scenarios:
    enable: false
    file: config/scenarios.yaml
  disable_progressbar: false
  shared_resources:
    policy: false
    exclude: []
  shared_cutouts: true

	Unit	Values	Description
name	–	str/list	Specify a name for your run. Results will be stored under this name. If scenario: enable: is set to true, the name must contain a subset of scenario names defined in scenario: file:. If the name is ‘all’, all defined scenarios will be run.
prefix	–	str	Prefix for the run name which is used as a top-layer directory name in the results and resources folders.
scenarios
– enable	bool	{true, false}	Switch to select whether workflow should generate scenarios based on file.
– file	str		Path to the scenario yaml file. The scenario file contains config overrides for each scenario. In order to be taken account, run: scenarios has to be set to true and run: name has to be a subset of top level keys given in the scenario file. In order to automatically create a scenario.yaml file based on a combination of settings, alter and use the config/create_scenarios.py script in the config directory.
disable_progressbar	bool	{true, false}	Switch to select whether progressbar should be disabled.
shared_resources
– policy	bool/str		Boolean switch to select whether resources should be shared across runs. If a string is passed, this is used as a subdirectory name for shared resources. If set to ‘base’, only resources before creating the elec.nc file are shared.
– exclude	str	For the case shared_resources=base, specify additional files that should not be shared across runs.
shared_cutouts	bool	{true, false}	Switch to select whether cutouts should be shared across runs.

foresight

foresight: overnight

	Unit	Values	Description
foresight	string	{overnight, myopic, perfect}	See Foresight Options for detail explanations.

Note

If you use myopic or perfect foresight, the planning horizon in The {planning_horizons} wildcard in scenario has to be set.

scenario

The scenario section is an extraordinary section of the config file that is strongly connected to the Wildcards and is designed to facilitate running multiple scenarios through a single command

# for electricity-only studies
snakemake -call solve_elec_networks

# for sector-coupling studies
snakemake -call solve_sector_networks

For each wildcard, a list of values is provided. The rule solve_all_elec_networks will trigger the rules for creating results/networks/base_s_{clusters}_elec_l{ll}_{opts}.nc for all combinations of the provided wildcard values as defined by Python’s itertools.product(…) function that snakemake’s expand(…) function uses.

An exemplary dependency graph (starting from the simplification rules) then looks like this:

scenario:
  ll:
  - vopt
  clusters:
  - 39
  - 128
  - 256
  opts:
  - ''
  sector_opts:
  - ''
  planning_horizons:
  # - 2020
  # - 2030
  # - 2040
  - 2050

	Unit	Values	Description
clusters	–	cf. The {clusters} wildcard	List of {clusters} wildcards to run.
ll	–	cf. ll	List of {ll} wildcards to run.
opts	–	cf. The {opts} wildcard	List of {opts} wildcards to run.
sector_opts	–	cf. The {sector_opts} wildcard	List of {sector_opts} wildcards to run.
planning_horizons	–	cf. The {planning_horizons} wildcard	List of {planning_horizon} wildcards to run.

countries

countries: ['AL', 'AT', 'BA', 'BE', 'BG', 'CH', 'CZ', 'DE', 'DK', 'EE', 'ES', 'FI', 'FR', 'GB', 'GR', 'HR', 'HU', 'IE', 'IT', 'LT', 'LU', 'LV', 'ME', 'MK', 'NL', 'NO', 'PL', 'PT', 'RO', 'RS', 'SE', 'SI', 'SK', 'XK']

	Unit	Values	Description
countries	–	Subset of {‘AL’, ‘AT’, ‘BA’, ‘BE’, ‘BG’, ‘CH’, ‘CZ’, ‘DE’, ‘DK’, ‘EE’, ‘ES’, ‘FI’, ‘FR’, ‘GB’, ‘GR’, ‘HR’, ‘HU’, ‘IE’, ‘IT’, ‘LT’, ‘LU’, ‘LV’, ‘ME’, ‘MK’, ‘NL’, ‘NO’, ‘PL’, ‘PT’, ‘RO’, ‘RS’, ‘SE’, ‘SI’, ‘SK’, ‘XK’}	European countries defined by their Two-letter country codes (ISO 3166-1) which should be included in the energy system model.

snapshots

Specifies the temporal range to build an energy system model for as arguments to pandas.date_range

snapshots:
  start: "2013-01-01"
  end: "2014-01-01"
  inclusive: 'left'

	Unit	Values	Description
start	–	str or datetime-like; e.g. YYYY-MM-DD	Left bound of date range
end	–	str or datetime-like; e.g. YYYY-MM-DD	Right bound of date range
inclusive	–	One of {‘neither’, ‘both’, ‘left’, ‘right’}	Make the time interval closed to the left, right, or both sides both or neither side None.

enable

Switches for some rules and optional features.

    enable: false
    file: config/scenarios.yaml
  disable_progressbar: false
  shared_resources:
    policy: false
    exclude: []
  shared_cutouts: true

	Unit	Values	Description
enable	str or bool	{auto, true, false}	Switch to include (true) or exclude (false) the retrieve_* rules of snakemake into the workflow; ‘auto’ sets true|false based on availability of an internet connection to prevent issues with snakemake failing due to lack of internet connection.
retrieve_databundle	bool	{true, false}	Switch to retrieve databundle from zenodo via the rule retrieve_databundle or whether to keep a custom databundle located in the corresponding folder.
retrieve_cost_data	bool	{true, false}	Switch to retrieve technology cost data from technology-data repository.
build_cutout	bool	{true, false}	Switch to enable the building of cutouts via the rule build_cutout.
retrieve_cutout	bool	{true, false}	Switch to enable the retrieval of cutouts from zenodo with retrieve_cutout.
custom_busmap	bool	{true, false}	Switch to enable the use of custom busmaps in rule cluster_network. If activated the rule looks for provided busmaps at data/busmaps/base_s_{clusters}_{base_network}.csv which should have the same format as resources/busmap_base_s_{clusters}.csv, i.e. the index should contain the buses of networks/base_s.nc. {base_network} is the name of the selected base_network in electricity, e.g. gridkit, osm-prebuilt, or osm-raw.
drop_leap_day	bool	{true, false}	Switch to drop February 29 from all time-dependent data in leap years

co2 budget

co2_budget:
  2020: 0.701
  2025: 0.524
  2030: 0.297
  2035: 0.150
  2040: 0.071
  2045: 0.032
  2050: 0.000

	Unit	Values	Description
co2_budget	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	CO2 budget as a fraction of 1990 emissions. Overwritten if Co2Lx or cb are set in {sector_opts} wildcard”doc/configtables/othertoplevel.csv

Note

this parameter is over-ridden if Co2Lx or cb is set in sector_opts.

electricity

electricity:
  voltages: [200., 220., 300., 380., 500., 750.]
  base_network: osm-prebuilt
  osm-prebuilt-version: 0.4
  gaslimit_enable: false
  gaslimit: false
  co2limit_enable: false
  co2limit: 7.75e+7
  co2base: 1.487e+9

  operational_reserve:
    activate: false
    epsilon_load: 0.02
    epsilon_vres: 0.02
    contingency: 4000

  max_hours:
    battery: 6
    H2: 168

  extendable_carriers:
    Generator: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, OCGT, CCGT]
    StorageUnit: [] # battery, H2
    Store: [battery, H2]
    Link: [] # H2 pipeline

  powerplants_filter: (DateOut >= 2023 or DateOut != DateOut) and not (Country == 'Germany' and Fueltype == 'Nuclear')
  custom_powerplants: false
  everywhere_powerplants: []

  conventional_carriers: [nuclear, oil, OCGT, CCGT, coal, lignite, geothermal, biomass]
  renewable_carriers: [solar, solar-hsat, onwind, offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float, hydro]

  estimate_renewable_capacities:
    enable: true
    from_opsd: true
    year: 2020
    expansion_limit: false
    technology_mapping:
      Offshore: [offwind-ac, offwind-dc, offwind-float]
      Onshore: [onwind]
      PV: [solar]

  autarky:
    enable: false
    by_country: false

atlite

Define and specify the atlite.Cutout used for calculating renewable potentials and time-series. All options except for features are directly used as cutout parameters.

atlite:
  default_cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
  nprocesses: 4
  show_progress: false
  cutouts:
    # use 'base' to determine geographical bounds and time span from config
    # base:
      # module: era5
    europe-2013-sarah3-era5:
      module: [sarah, era5] # in priority order
      x: [-12., 42.]
      y: [33., 72.]
      dx: 0.3
      dy: 0.3
      time: ['2013', '2013']

	Unit	Values	Description
default_cutout	–	str	Defines a default cutout.
nprocesses	–	int	Number of parallel processes in cutout preparation
show_progress	bool	true/false	Whether progressbar for atlite conversion processes should be shown. False saves time.
cutouts
– {name}	–	Convention is to name cutouts like <region>-<year>-<source> (e.g. europe-2013-sarah3-era5).	Name of the cutout netcdf file. The user may specify multiple cutouts under configuration atlite: cutouts:. Reference is used in configuration renewable: {technology}: cutout:. The cutout base may be used to automatically calculate temporal and spatial bounds of the network.
– – module	–	Subset of {‘era5’,’sarah’}	Source of the reanalysis weather dataset (e.g. ERA5 or SARAH-3)
– – x	°	Float interval within [-180, 180]	Range of longitudes to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the spatial bounds of all bus shapes.
– – y	°	Float interval within [-90, 90]	Range of latitudes to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the spatial bounds of all bus shapes.
– – dx	°	Larger than 0.25	Grid resolution for longitude
– – dy	°	Larger than 0.25	Grid resolution for latitude
– – time		Time interval within [‘1979’, ‘2018’] (with valid pandas date time strings)	Time span to download weather data for. If not defined, it defaults to the time interval spanned by the snapshots.
– – features		String or list of strings with valid cutout features (‘inlfux’, ‘wind’).	When freshly building a cutout, retrieve data only for those features. If not defined, it defaults to all available features.

renewable

onwind

renewable:
  onwind:
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: Vestas_V112_3MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    capacity_per_sqkm: 3
    # correction_factor: 0.93
    corine:
      grid_codes: [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32]
      distance: 1000
      distance_grid_codes: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
    luisa: false
      # grid_codes: [1111, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1210, 1221, 1222, 1230, 1241, 1242]
      # distance: 1000
      # distance_grid_codes: [1111, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1210, 1221, 1222, 1230, 1241, 1242]
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2

	Unit	Values	Description
cutout	–	Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-sarah3-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts. Source module must be ERA5.	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored.
resource
– method	–	Must be ‘wind’	A superordinate technology type.
– turbine	–	One of turbine types included in atlite. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.	Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve.
– smooth	–	{True, False}	Switch to apply a gaussian kernel density smoothing to the power curve.
capacity_per_sqkm	\(MW/km^2\)	float	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
corine
– grid_codes	–	Any subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for wind turbine placement.
– distance	m	float	Distance to keep from areas specified in distance_grid_codes
– distance_grid_codes	–	Any subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes to which wind turbines must maintain a distance specified in the setting distance.
luisa
– grid_codes	–	Any subset of the LUISA Base Map codes in Annex 1	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for wind turbine placement.
– distance	m	float	Distance to keep from areas specified in distance_grid_codes
– distance_grid_codes	–	Any subset of the LUISA Base Map codes in Annex 1	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes to which wind turbines must maintain a distance specified in the setting distance.
natura	bool	{true, false}	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true.
clip_p_max_pu	p.u.	float	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
correction_factor	–	float	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.
excluder_resolution	m	float	Resolution on which to perform geographical elibility analysis.

Note

Notes on capacity_per_sqkm. ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2 and assuming 30% fraction of the already restricted area is available for installation of wind generators due to competing land use and likely public acceptance issues.

Note

The default choice for corine grid_codes was based on Scholz, Y. (2012). Renewable energy based electricity supply at low costs development of the REMix model and application for Europe. ( p.42 / p.28)

offwind-ac

  offwind-ac:
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: [44, 255]
    luisa: false # [0, 5230]
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60
    max_shore_distance: 30000
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    landfall_length: 10

	Unit	Values	Description
cutout	–	Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-sarah3-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts. Source module must be ERA5.	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored.
resource
– method	–	Must be ‘wind’	A superordinate technology type.
– turbine	–	One of turbine types included in atlite. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.	Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve.
– smooth	–	{True, False}	Switch to apply a gaussian kernel density smoothing to the power curve.
capacity_per_sqkm	\(MW/km^2\)	float	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
correction_factor	–	float	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.
excluder_resolution	m	float	Resolution on which to perform geographical elibility analysis.
corine	–	Any realistic subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
luisa	–	Any subset of the LUISA Base Map codes in Annex 1	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
natura	bool	{true, false}	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true.
ship_threshold	–	float	Ship density threshold from which areas are excluded.
max_depth	m	float	Maximum sea water depth at which wind turbines can be build. Maritime areas with deeper waters are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
min_shore_distance	m	float	Minimum distance to the shore below which wind turbines cannot be build. Such areas close to the shore are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
max_shore_distance	m	float	Maximum distance to the shore above which wind turbines cannot be build. Such areas close to the shore are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
clip_p_max_pu	p.u.	float	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
landfall_length	km	float	Fixed length of the cable connection that is onshorelandfall in km. If ‘centroid’, the length is calculated as the distance to centroid of the onshore bus.

Note

Notes on capacity_per_sqkm. ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2 and assuming 20% fraction of the already restricted area is available for installation of wind generators due to competing land use and likely public acceptance issues.

Note

Notes on correction_factor. Correction due to proxy for wake losses from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153 until done more rigorously in #153

offwind-dc

  offwind-dc:
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_2020ATB_5.5MW
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    corine: [44, 255]
    luisa: false # [0, 5230]
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    max_depth: 60
    min_shore_distance: 30000
    excluder_resolution: 200
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    landfall_length: 10

	Unit	Values	Description
cutout	–	Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-sarah3-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts. Source module must be ERA5.	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored.
resource
– method	–	Must be ‘wind’	A superordinate technology type.
– turbine	–	One of turbine types included in atlite. Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.	Specifies the turbine type and its characteristic power curve.
– smooth	–	{True, False}	Switch to apply a gaussian kernel density smoothing to the power curve.
capacity_per_sqkm	\(MW/km^2\)	float	Allowable density of wind turbine placement.
correction_factor	–	float	Correction factor for capacity factor time series.
excluder_resolution	m	float	Resolution on which to perform geographical elibility analysis.
corine	–	Any realistic subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for AC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
luisa	–	Any subset of the LUISA Base Map codes in Annex 1	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for DC-connected offshore wind turbine placement.
natura	bool	{true, false}	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true.
ship_threshold	–	float	Ship density threshold from which areas are excluded.
max_depth	m	float	Maximum sea water depth at which wind turbines can be build. Maritime areas with deeper waters are excluded in the process of calculating the AC-connected offshore wind potential.
min_shore_distance	m	float	Minimum distance to the shore below which wind turbines cannot be build.
max_shore_distance	m	float	Maximum distance to the shore above which wind turbines cannot be build.
clip_p_max_pu	p.u.	float	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
landfall_length	km	float	Fixed length of the cable connection that is onshorelandfall in km. If ‘centroid’, the length is calculated as the distance to centroid of the onshore bus.

Note

Both offwind-ac and offwind-dc have the same assumption on capacity_per_sqkm and correction_factor.

offwind-float

  offwind-float:
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    resource:
      method: wind
      turbine: NREL_ReferenceTurbine_5MW_offshore
      smooth: false
      add_cutout_windspeed: true
    # ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 10MW/km^2
    capacity_per_sqkm: 2
    correction_factor: 0.8855
    # proxy for wake losses
    # from 10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.153
    # until done more rigorously in #153
    corine: [44, 255]
    natura: true
    ship_threshold: 400
    excluder_resolution: 200
    min_depth: 60
    max_depth: 1000
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    landfall_length: 10

Note

offwind-ac, offwind-dc , offwind-float have the same assumption on capacity_per_sqkm and correction_factor.

solar

  solar:
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.
        azimuth: 180.
    capacity_per_sqkm: 5.1
    # correction_factor: 0.854337
    corine: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 31, 32]
    luisa: false # [1111, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1210, 1221, 1222, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1310, 1320, 1330, 1410, 1421, 1422, 2110, 2120, 2130, 2210, 2220, 2230, 2310, 2410, 2420, 3210, 3320, 3330]
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
  solar-hsat:
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    resource:
      method: pv
      panel: CSi
      orientation:
        slope: 35.
        azimuth: 180.
      tracking: horizontal
    capacity_per_sqkm: 4.43 # 15% higher land usage acc. to NREL
    corine: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 31, 32]
    luisa: false # [1111, 1121, 1122, 1123, 1130, 1210, 1221, 1222, 1230, 1241, 1242, 1310, 1320, 1330, 1410, 1421, 1422, 2110, 2120, 2130, 2210, 2220, 2230, 2310, 2410, 2420, 3210, 3320, 3330]
    natura: true
    excluder_resolution: 100
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2

	Unit	Values	Description
cutout	–	Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-sarah3-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts. Source module can be ERA5 and/or SARAH-3.	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored that is specified at atlite/cutouts configuration. Both sarah and era5 work.
resource
– method	–	Must be ‘pv’	A superordinate technology type.
– panel	–	One of {‘Csi’, ‘CdTe’, ‘KANENA’} as defined in atlite . Can be a string or a dictionary with years as keys which denote the year another turbine model becomes available.	Specifies the solar panel technology and its characteristic attributes.
– orientation
– – slope	°	Realistically any angle in [0., 90.]	Specifies the tilt angle (or slope) of the solar panel. A slope of zero corresponds to the face of the panel aiming directly overhead. A positive tilt angle steers the panel towards the equator.
– – azimuth	°	Any angle in [0., 360.]	Specifies the azimuth orientation of the solar panel. South corresponds to 180.°.
capacity_per_sqkm	\(MW/km^2\)	float	Allowable density of solar panel placement.
correction_factor	–	float	A correction factor for the capacity factor (availability) time series.
corine	–	Any subset of the CORINE Land Cover code list	Specifies areas according to CORINE Land Cover codes which are generally eligible for solar panel placement.
luisa	–	Any subset of the LUISA Base Map codes in Annex 1	Specifies areas according to the LUISA Base Map codes which are generally eligible for solar panel placement.
natura	bool	{true, false}	Switch to exclude Natura 2000 natural protection areas. Area is excluded if true.
clip_p_max_pu	p.u.	float	To avoid too small values in the renewables` per-unit availability time series values below this threshold are set to zero.
excluder_resolution	m	float	Resolution on which to perform geographical elibility analysis.

Note

Notes on capacity_per_sqkm. ScholzPhd Tab 4.3.1: 170 MW/km^2 and assuming 1% of the area can be used for solar PV panels. Correction factor determined by comparing uncorrected area-weighted full-load hours to those published in Supplementary Data to Pietzcker, Robert Carl, et al. “Using the sun to decarbonize the power sector – The economic potential of photovoltaics and concentrating solar power.” Applied Energy 135 (2014): 704-720. This correction factor of 0.854337 may be in order if using reanalysis data. for discussion refer to this <issue PyPSA/pypsa-eur#285>

hydro

  hydro:
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    carriers: [ror, PHS, hydro]
    PHS_max_hours: 6
    hydro_max_hours: "energy_capacity_totals_by_country" # one of energy_capacity_totals_by_country, estimate_by_large_installations or a float
    flatten_dispatch: false
    flatten_dispatch_buffer: 0.2
    clip_min_inflow: 1.0
    eia_norm_year: false
    eia_correct_by_capacity: false
    eia_approximate_missing: false

	Unit	Values	Description
cutout	–	Must be ‘europe-2013-sarah3-era5’	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored.
carriers	–	Any subset of {‘ror’, ‘PHS’, ‘hydro’}	Specifies the types of hydro power plants to build per-unit availability time series for. ‘ror’ stands for run-of-river plants, ‘PHS’ represents pumped-hydro storage, and ‘hydro’ stands for hydroelectric dams.
PHS_max_hours	h	float	Maximum state of charge capacity of the pumped-hydro storage (PHS) in terms of hours at full output capacity p_nom. Cf. PyPSA documentation.
hydro_max_hours	h	Any of {float, ‘energy_capacity_totals_by_country’, ‘estimate_by_large_installations’}	Maximum state of charge capacity of the pumped-hydro storage (PHS) in terms of hours at full output capacity p_nom or heuristically determined. Cf. PyPSA documentation.
flatten_dispatch	bool	{true, false}	Consider an upper limit for the hydro dispatch. The limit is given by the average capacity factor plus the buffer given in flatten_dispatch_buffer
flatten_dispatch_buffer	–	float	If flatten_dispatch is true, specify the value added above the average capacity factor.
clip_min_inflow	MW	float	To avoid too small values in the inflow time series, values below this threshold are set to zero.
eia_norm_year	–	Year in EIA hydro generation dataset; or False to disable	To specify a specific year by which hydro inflow is normed that deviates from the snapshots’ year
eia_correct_by_capacity	–	boolean	Correct EIA annual hydro generation data by installed capacity.
eia_approximate_missing	–	boolean	Approximate hydro generation data for years not included in EIA dataset through a regression based on annual runoff.

conventional

Define additional generator attribute for conventional carrier types. If a scalar value is given it is applied to all generators. However if a string starting with “data/” is given, the value is interpreted as a path to a csv file with country specific values. Then, the values are read in and applied to all generators of the given carrier in the given country. Note that the value(s) overwrite the existing values.

conventional:
  unit_commitment: false
  dynamic_fuel_price: false
  nuclear:
    p_max_pu: "data/nuclear_p_max_pu.csv" # float of file name

	Unit	Values	Description
unit_commitment	bool	{true, false}	Allow the overwrite of ramp_limit_up, ramp_limit_start_up, ramp_limit_shut_down, p_min_pu, min_up_time, min_down_time, and start_up_cost of conventional generators. Refer to the CSV file „unit_commitment.csv“.
dynamic_fuel_price	bool	{true, false}	Consider the monthly fluctuating fuel prices for each conventional generator. Refer to the CSV file “data/validation/monthly_fuel_price.csv”.
{name}	–	string	For any carrier/technology overwrite attributes as listed below.
– {attribute}	–	string or float	For any attribute, can specify a float or reference to a file path to a CSV file giving floats for each country (2-letter code).

lines

lines:
  types:
    200.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 200.0"
    220.: "Al/St 240/40 2-bundle 220.0"
    300.: "Al/St 240/40 3-bundle 300.0"
    380.: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    500.: "Al/St 240/40 4-bundle 380.0"
    750.: "Al/St 560/50 4-bundle 750.0"
  s_max_pu: 0.7
  s_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 20000 #MW
  length_factor: 1.25
  reconnect_crimea: true
  under_construction: 'keep' # 'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove, 'keep': with full capacity for lines in grid extract
  dynamic_line_rating:
    activate: false
    cutout: europe-2013-sarah3-era5
    correction_factor: 0.95
    max_voltage_difference: false
    max_line_rating: false

	Unit	Values	Description
types	–	Values should specify a line type in PyPSA. Keys should specify the corresponding voltage level (e.g. 220., 300. and 380. kV)	Specifies line types to assume for the different voltage levels of the ENTSO-E grid extraction. Should normally handle voltage levels 220, 300, and 380 kV
s_max_pu	–	Value in [0.,1.]	Correction factor for line capacities (s_nom) to approximate \(N-1\) security and reserve capacity for reactive power flows
s_nom_max	MW	float	Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable line.
max_extension	MW	float	Upper limit for the extended capacity of each extendable line.
length_factor	–	float	Correction factor to account for the fact that buses are not connected by lines through air-line distance.
under_construction	–	One of {‘zero’: set capacity to zero, ‘remove’: remove completely, ‘keep’: keep with full capacity}	Specifies how to handle lines which are currently under construction.
reconnect_crimea	–	true or false	Whether to reconnect Crimea to the Ukrainian grid
dynamic_line_rating
– activate	bool	true or false	Whether to take dynamic line rating into account
– cutout	–	Should be a folder listed in the configuration atlite: cutouts: (e.g. ‘europe-2013-sarah3-era5’) or reference an existing folder in the directory cutouts. Source module must be ERA5.	Specifies the directory where the relevant weather data ist stored.
– correction_factor	–	float	Factor to compensate for overestimation of wind speeds in hourly averaged wind data
– max_voltage_difference	deg	float	Maximum voltage angle difference in degrees or ‘false’ to disable
– max_line_rating	–	float	Maximum line rating relative to nominal capacity without DLR, e.g. 1.3 or ‘false’ to disable

links

links:
  p_max_pu: 1.0
  p_nom_max: .inf
  max_extension: 30000 #MW
  length_factor: 1.25
  under_construction: 'keep' # 'zero': set capacity to zero, 'remove': remove, 'keep': with full capacity for lines in grid extract

	Unit	Values	Description
p_max_pu	–	Value in [0.,1.]	Correction factor for link capacities p_nom.
p_nom_max	MW	float	Global upper limit for the maximum capacity of each extendable DC link.
max_extension	MW	float	Upper limit for the extended capacity of each extendable DC link.
length_factor	–	float	Correction factor to account for the fact that buses are not connected by links through air-line distance.
under_construction	–	One of {‘zero’: set capacity to zero, ‘remove’: remove completely, ‘keep’: keep with full capacity}	Specifies how to handle lines which are currently under construction.

transmission projects

Allows to define additional transmission projects that will be added to the base network, e.g., from the TYNDP 2020 dataset. The projects are read in from the CSV files in the subfolder of data/transmission_projects/. New transmission projects, e.g. from TYNDP 2024, can be added in a new subfolder of transmission projects, e.g. data/transmission_projects/tyndp2024 while extending the list of transmission_projects in the config.yaml by tyndp2024. The CSV files in the project folder should have the same columns as the CSV files in the template folder data/transmission_projects/template.

transmission_projects:
  enable: true
  include:
    tyndp2020: true
    nep: true
    manual: true
  skip:
  - upgraded_lines
  - upgraded_links
  status:
  - under_construction
  - in_permitting
  - confirmed
    #- planned_not_yet_permitted
    #- under_consideration
  new_link_capacity: zero #keep or zero

	Unit	Values	Description
enable	bool	{true,false}	Whether to integrate this transmission projects or not.
include	–		Name of the transmission projects. They should be unique and have to be provided in the data/transmission_projects folder.
– tyndp2020	bool	{true,false}	Whether to integrate the TYNDP 2020 dataset.
– nep	bool	{true,false}	Whether to integrate the German network development plan dataset.
– manual	bool	{true,false}	Whether to integrate the manually added transmission projects. They are taken from the previously existing links_tyndp.csv file.
skip	list		Type of lines to skip from all transmission projects. Possible values are: upgraded_lines, upgraded_links, new_lines, new_links.
status	list or dict		Status to include into the model as list or as dict with name of project and status to include. Possible values for status are under_construction, in_permitting, confirmed, planned_not_yet_permitted, under_consideration.
new_link_capacity	–	{zero,keep}	Whether to set the new link capacity to the provided capacity or set it to zero.

transformers

transformers:
  x: 0.1
  s_nom: 2000.
  type: ''

	Unit	Values	Description
x	p.u.	float	Series reactance (per unit, using s_nom as base power of the transformer. Overwritten if type is specified.
s_nom	MVA	float	Limit of apparent power which can pass through branch. Overwritten if type is specified.
type	–	A transformer type in PyPSA.	Specifies transformer types to assume for the transformers of the ENTSO-E grid extraction.

load

load:
  interpolate_limit: 3
  time_shift_for_large_gaps: 1w
  manual_adjustments: true # false
  scaling_factor: 1.0
  fixed_year: false # false or year (e.g. 2013)
  supplement_synthetic: true
  distribution_key:
    gdp: 0.6
    population: 0.4

	Unit	Values	Description
interpolate_limit	hours	integer	Maximum gap size (consecutive nans) which interpolated linearly.
time_shift_for_large_gaps	string	string	Periods which are used for copying time-slices in order to fill large gaps of nans. Have to be valid pandas period strings.
manual_adjustments	bool	{true, false}	Whether to adjust the load data manually according to the function in manual_adjustment().
scaling_factor	–	float	Global correction factor for the load time series.
fixed_year	–	Year or False	To specify a fixed year for the load time series that deviates from the snapshots’ year
supplement_synthetic	bool	{true, false}	Whether to supplement missing data for selected time period should be supplemented by synthetic data from https://zenodo.org/records/10820928.
distribution_key	–	–	Distribution key for spatially disaggregating the per-country electricity demand data.
– gdp	float	[0, 1]	Weighting factor for the GDP data in the distribution key.
– population	float	[0, 1]	Weighting factor for the population data in the distribution key.

energy

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

energy:
  energy_totals_year: 2019
  base_emissions_year: 1990
  emissions: CO2

	Unit	Values	Description
energy_totals_year	–	{1990,1995,2000,2005,2010,2011,…}	The year for the sector energy use. The year must be avaliable in the Eurostat report
base_emissions_year	–	YYYY; e.g. 1990	The base year for the sector emissions. See European Environment Agency (EEA).
emissions	–	{CO2, All greenhouse gases - (CO2 equivalent)}	Specify which sectoral emissions are taken into account. Data derived from EEA. Currently only CO2 is implemented.

biomass

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

biomass:
  year: 2030
  scenario: ENS_Med
  classes:
    solid biomass:
    - Agricultural waste
    - Fuelwood residues
    - Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips
    - Sawdust
    - Residues from landscape care
    not included:
    - Sugar from sugar beet
    - Rape seed
    - "Sunflower, soya seed "
    - Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye
    - Miscanthus, switchgrass, RCG
    - Willow
    - Poplar
    - FuelwoodRW
    - C&P_RW
    biogas:
    - Manure solid, liquid
    - Sludge
    municipal solid waste:
    - Municipal waste
  share_unsustainable_use_retained:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.66
    2030: 0.33
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  share_sustainable_potential_available:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.33
    2030: 0.66
    2035: 1
    2040: 1
    2045: 1
    2050: 1

	Unit	Values	Description
year	–	{2010, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050}	Year for which to retrieve biomass potential according to the assumptions of the JRC ENSPRESO .
scenario	–	{“ENS_Low”, “ENS_Med”, “ENS_High”}	Scenario for which to retrieve biomass potential. The scenario definition can be seen in ENSPRESO_BIOMASS
classes
– solid biomass	–	Array of biomass comodity	The comodity that are included as solid biomass
– not included	–	Array of biomass comodity	The comodity that are not included as a biomass potential
– biogas	–	Array of biomass comodity	The comodity that are included as biogas
share_unsustainable_use_retained	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	Share of unsustainable biomass use retained using primary production of Eurostat data as reference
share_sustainable_potential_available	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	Share determines phase-in of ENSPRESO biomass potentials

The list of available biomass is given by the category in ENSPRESO_BIOMASS, namely:

• Agricultural waste

• Manure solid, liquid

• Residues from landscape care

• Bioethanol barley, wheat, grain maize, oats, other cereals and rye

• Sugar from sugar beet

• Miscanthus, switchgrass, RCG

• Willow

• Poplar

• Sunflower, soya seed

• Rape seed

• Fuelwood residues

• FuelwoodRW

• C&P_RW

• Secondary Forestry residues - woodchips

• Sawdust

• Municipal waste

• Sludge

solar_thermal

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

solar_thermal:
  clearsky_model: simple  # should be "simple" or "enhanced"?
  orientation:
    slope: 45.
    azimuth: 180.
  cutout: default

	Unit	Values	Description
clearsky_model	–	{‘simple’, ‘enhanced’}	Type of clearsky model for diffuse irradiation
orientation	–	{units of degrees, ‘latitude_optimal’}	Panel orientation with slope and azimuth
– azimuth	float	units of degrees	The angle between the North and the sun with panels on the local horizon
– slope	float	units of degrees	The angle between the ground and the panels

existing_capacities

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies. The value for grouping years are only used in myopic or perfect foresight scenarios.

existing_capacities:
  grouping_years_power: [1920, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020, 2025]
  grouping_years_heat: [1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2019] # heat grouping years >= baseyear will be ignored
  threshold_capacity: 10
  default_heating_lifetime: 20
  conventional_carriers:
  - lignite
  - coal
  - oil
  - uranium

	Unit	Values	Description
grouping_years_power	–	A list of years	Intervals to group existing capacities for power
grouping_years_heat	–	A list of years below 2020	Intervals to group existing capacities for heat
threshold_capacity	MW	float	Capacities generators and links of below threshold are removed during add_existing_capacities
default_heating_lifetime	years	int	Default lifetime for heating technologies
conventional_carriers	–	Any subset of {uranium, coal, lignite, oil}	List of conventional power plants to include in the sectoral network

sector

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

sector:
  transport: true
  heating: true
  biomass: true
  industry: true
  agriculture: true
  fossil_fuels: true
  district_heating:
    potential: 0.6
    progress:
      2020: 0.0
      2025: 0.15
      2030: 0.3
      2035: 0.45
      2040: 0.6
      2045: 0.8
      2050: 1.0
    district_heating_loss: 0.15
    supply_temperature_approximation:
      max_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        FR: 110
        DK: 75
        DE: 109
        CZ: 130
        FI: 115
        PL: 130
        SE: 102
        IT: 90
      min_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 82
      return_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 58
      lower_threshold_ambient_temperature: 0
      upper_threshold_ambient_temperature: 10
      rolling_window_ambient_temperature: 72
      relative_annual_temperature_reduction: 0.01
    heat_source_cooling: 6 #K
    heat_pump_cop_approximation:
      refrigerant: ammonia
      heat_exchanger_pinch_point_temperature_difference: 5 #K
      isentropic_compressor_efficiency: 0.8
      heat_loss: 0.0
  heat_pump_sources:
    urban central:
    - air
    urban decentral:
    - air
    rural:
    - air
    - ground
  cluster_heat_buses: true
  heat_demand_cutout: default
  bev_dsm_restriction_value: 0.75
  bev_dsm_restriction_time: 7
  transport_heating_deadband_upper: 20.
  transport_heating_deadband_lower: 15.
  ICE_lower_degree_factor: 0.375
  ICE_upper_degree_factor: 1.6
  EV_lower_degree_factor: 0.98
  EV_upper_degree_factor: 0.63
  bev_dsm: true
  bev_availability: 0.5
  bev_energy: 0.05
  bev_charge_efficiency: 0.9
  bev_charge_rate: 0.011
  bev_avail_max: 0.95
  bev_avail_mean: 0.8
  v2g: true
  land_transport_fuel_cell_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  land_transport_electric_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.15
    2030: 0.3
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1
  land_transport_ice_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.85
    2030: 0.7
    2035: 0.55
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.15
    2050: 0
  transport_electric_efficiency: 53.19 # 1 MWh_el = 53.19*100 km
  transport_fuel_cell_efficiency: 30.003 # 1 MWh_H2 = 30.003*100 km
  transport_ice_efficiency: 16.0712 # 1 MWh_oil = 16.0712 * 100 km
  agriculture_machinery_electric_share: 0
  agriculture_machinery_oil_share: 1
  agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency: 0.7
  agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3
  MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2: 0.8787
  MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2: 4.0321
  MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e: 3.6907
  shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false
  shipping_hydrogen_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.15
    2030: 0.3
    2035: 0.5
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1
  shipping_oil_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.85
    2030: 0.7
    2035: 0.5
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.15
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_efficiency: 0.46
  shipping_oil_efficiency: 0.40
  aviation_demand_factor: 1.
  HVC_demand_factor: 1.
  time_dep_hp_cop: true
  heat_pump_sink_T_individual_heating: 55.
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously: true
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously_factor:
    2020: 0.10  # this results in a space heat demand reduction of 10%
    2025: 0.09  # first heat demand increases compared to 2020 because of larger floor area per capita
    2030: 0.09
    2035: 0.11
    2040: 0.16
    2045: 0.21
    2050: 0.29
  retrofitting:
    retro_endogen: false
    cost_factor: 1.0
    interest_rate: 0.04
    annualise_cost: true
    tax_weighting: false
    construction_index: true
  tes: true
  tes_tau:
    decentral: 3
    central: 180
  boilers: true
  resistive_heaters: true
  oil_boilers: false
  biomass_boiler: true
  overdimension_heat_generators:
    decentral: 1.1  #to cover demand peaks bigger than data
    central: 1.0
  chp: true
  micro_chp: false
  solar_thermal: true
  solar_cf_correction: 0.788457  # =  >>> 1/1.2683
  marginal_cost_storage: 0. #1e-4
  methanation: true
  coal_cc: false
  dac: true
  co2_vent: false
  central_heat_vent: false
  allam_cycle_gas: false
  hydrogen_fuel_cell: true
  hydrogen_turbine: false
  SMR: true
  SMR_cc: true
  regional_oil_demand: false
  regional_coal_demand: false
  regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
    enable: false
    attribute:
    - conservative estimate Mt
    - conservative estimate GAS Mt
    - conservative estimate OIL Mt
    - conservative estimate aquifer Mt
    include_onshore: false
    min_size: 3
    max_size: 25
    years_of_storage: 25
  co2_sequestration_potential:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 50
    2035: 100
    2040: 200
    2045: 200
    2050: 200
  co2_sequestration_cost: 10
  co2_sequestration_lifetime: 50
  co2_spatial: false
  co2network: false
  co2_network_cost_factor: 1
  cc_fraction: 0.9
  hydrogen_underground_storage: true
  hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
    # - onshore  # more than 50 km from sea
  - nearshore    # within 50 km of sea
    # - offshore
  methanol:
    regional_methanol_demand: false
    methanol_reforming: false
    methanol_reforming_cc: false
    methanol_to_kerosene: false
    methanol_to_power:
      ccgt: false
      ccgt_cc: false
      ocgt: false
      allam: false
    biomass_to_methanol: false
    biomass_to_methanol_cc: false
  ammonia: false
  min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0.5
  min_part_load_methanolisation: 0.3
  min_part_load_methanation: 0.3
  use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_haber_bosch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanolisation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_fuel_cell_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_electrolysis_waste_heat: 0.25
  electricity_transmission_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid: true
  electricity_grid_connection: true
  transmission_efficiency:
    DC:
      efficiency_static: 0.98
      efficiency_per_1000km: 0.977
    H2 pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1 # 0.982
      compression_per_1000km: 0.018
    gas pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1 #0.977
      compression_per_1000km: 0.01
    electricity distribution grid:
      efficiency_static: 0.97
  H2_network: true
  gas_network: false
  H2_retrofit: false
  H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4: 0.6
  gas_network_connectivity_upgrade: 1
  gas_distribution_grid: true
  gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  biomass_spatial: false
  biomass_transport: false
  biogas_upgrading_cc: false
  conventional_generation:
    OCGT: gas
  biomass_to_liquid: false
  biomass_to_liquid_cc: false
  electrobiofuels: false
  biosng: false
  biosng_cc: false
  bioH2: false
  municipal_solid_waste: false
  limit_max_growth:
    enable: false
    # allowing 30% larger than max historic growth
    factor: 1.3
    max_growth:  # unit GW
      onwind: 16 # onshore max grow so far 16 GW in Europe https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020/wind
      solar: 28 # solar max grow so far 28 GW in Europe https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020/solar-pv
      offwind-ac: 35 # offshore max grow so far 3.5 GW in Europe https://windeurope.org/about-wind/statistics/offshore/european-offshore-wind-industry-key-trends-statistics-2019/
      offwind-dc: 35
    max_relative_growth:
      onwind: 3
      solar: 3
      offwind-ac: 3
      offwind-dc: 3
  enhanced_geothermal:
    enable: false
    flexible: true
    max_hours: 240
    max_boost: 0.25
    var_cf: true
    sustainability_factor: 0.0025
  solid_biomass_import:
    enable: false
    price: 54 #EUR/MWh
    max_amount: 1390 # TWh
    upstream_emissions_factor: .1 #share of solid biomass CO2 emissions at full combustion

	Unit	Values	Description
transport	–	{true, false}	Flag to include transport sector.
heating	–	{true, false}	Flag to include heating sector.
biomass	–	{true, false}	Flag to include biomass sector.
industry	–	{true, false}	Flag to include industry sector.
agriculture	–	{true, false}	Flag to include agriculture sector.
fossil_fuels	–	{true, false}	Flag to include imports of fossil fuels ( [“coal”, “gas”, “oil”, “lignite”])
district_heating	–		prepare_sector_network.py
– potential	–	float	maximum fraction of urban demand which can be supplied by district heating
– progress	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	Increase of today’s district heating demand to potential maximum district heating share. Progress = 0 means today’s district heating share. Progress = 1 means maximum fraction of urban demand is supplied by district heating
– district_heating_loss	–	float	Share increase in district heat demand in urban central due to heat losses
– supply_temperature_approximation
– – max_forward_temperature_baseyear	°C	Dictionary with country codes as keys. One key must be ‘default’.	Max. forward temperature in district heating in baseyear (if ambient temperature lower-or-equal lower_threshold_ambient_temperature)
– – min_forward_temperature_baseyear	°C	Dictionary with country codes as keys. One key must be ‘default’.	Min. forward temperature in district heating in baseyear (if ambient temperature higher-or-equal upper_threshold_ambient_temperature)
– – return_temperature_baseyear	°C	Dictionary with country codes as keys. One key must be ‘default’.	Return temperature in district heating in baseyear . Must be lower than forward temperature
– – lower_threshold_ambient_temperature	°C	float	Assume max_forward_temperature if ambient temperature is below this threshold
– – upper_threshold_ambient_temperature	°C	float	Assume min_forward_temperature if ambient temperature is above this threshold
– – rolling_window_ambient_temperature	h	int	Rolling window size for averaging ambient temperature when approximating supply temperature
– – relative_annual_temperature_reduction		float	Relative annual reduction of district heating forward and return temperature - defaults to 0.01 (1%)
– heat_source_cooling	K	float	Cooling of heat source for heat pumps
– heat_pump_cop_approximation
– – refrigerant	–	{ammonia, isobutane}	Heat pump refrigerant assumed for COP approximation
– – heat_exchanger_pinch_point_temperature_difference	K	float	Heat pump pinch point temperature difference in heat exchangers assumed for approximation.
– – isentropic_compressor_efficiency	–	float	Isentropic efficiency of heat pump compressor assumed for approximation. Must be between 0 and 1.
– – heat_loss	–	float	Heat pump heat loss assumed for approximation. Must be between 0 and 1.
– heat_pump_sources	–
– – urban central	–	List of heat sources for heat pumps in urban central heating
– – urban decentral	–	List of heat sources for heat pumps in urban decentral heating
– – rural	–	List of heat sources for heat pumps in rural heating
cluster_heat_buses	–	{true, false}	Cluster residential and service heat buses in prepare_sector_network.py to one to save memory.
bev_dsm_restriction _value	–	float	Adds a lower state of charge (SOC) limit for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to manage its own energy demand (DSM). Located in build_transport_demand.py. Set to 0 for no restriction on BEV DSM
bev_dsm_restriction _time	–	float	Time at which SOC of BEV has to be dsm_restriction_value
transport_heating _deadband_upper	°C	float	The maximum temperature in the vehicle. At higher temperatures, the energy required for cooling in the vehicle increases.
transport_heating _deadband_lower	°C	float	The minimum temperature in the vehicle. At lower temperatures, the energy required for heating in the vehicle increases.
ICE_lower_degree_factor	–	float	Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
ICE_upper_degree_factor	–	float	Share increase in energy demand in internal combustion engine (ICE) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
EV_lower_degree_factor	–	float	Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the cold environment and the minimum temperature.
EV_upper_degree_factor	–	float	Share increase in energy demand in electric vehicles (EV) for each degree difference between the hot environment and the maximum temperature.
bev_dsm	–	{true, false}	Add the option for battery electric vehicles (BEV) to participate in demand-side management (DSM)
bev_availability	–	float	The share for battery electric vehicles (BEV) that are able to do demand side management (DSM)
bev_energy	–	float	The average size of battery electric vehicles (BEV) in MWh
bev_charge_efficiency	–	float	Battery electric vehicles (BEV) charge and discharge efficiency
bev_charge_rate	MWh	float	The power consumption for one electric vehicle (EV) in MWh. Value derived from 3-phase charger with 11 kW.
bev_avail_max	–	float	The maximum share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
bev_avail_mean	–	float	The average share plugged-in availability for passenger electric vehicles.
v2g	–	{true, false}	Allows feed-in to grid from EV battery
land_transport_fuel_cell _share	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The share of vehicles that uses fuel cells in a given year
land_transport_electric _share	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The share of vehicles that uses electric vehicles (EV) in a given year
land_transport_ice _share	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The share of vehicles that uses internal combustion engines (ICE) in a given year. What is not EV or FCEV is oil-fuelled ICE.
transport_electric_efficiency	MWh/100km	float	The conversion efficiencies of electric vehicles in transport
transport_fuel_cell_efficiency	MWh/100km	float	The H2 conversion efficiencies of fuel cells in transport
transport_ice_efficiency	MWh/100km	float	The oil conversion efficiencies of internal combustion engine (ICE) in transport
agriculture_machinery _electric_share	–	float	The share for agricultural machinery that uses electricity
agriculture_machinery _oil_share	–	float	The share for agricultural machinery that uses oil
agriculture_machinery _fuel_efficiency	–	float	The efficiency of electric-powered machinery in the conversion of electricity to meet agricultural needs.
agriculture_machinery _electric_efficiency	–	float	The efficiency of oil-powered machinery in the conversion of oil to meet agricultural needs.
Mwh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2	LHV	float	The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of hydrogen. From DECHEMA (2017), page 64.
MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2	LHV	float	The energy amount of the produced methanol per ton of CO2. From DECHEMA (2017), page 66.
MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e	LHV	float	The energy amount of the produced methanol per energy amount of electricity. From DECHEMA (2017), page 64.
shipping_hydrogen _liquefaction	–	{true, false}	Whether to include liquefaction costs for hydrogen demand in shipping.
shipping_hydrogen_share	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The share of ships powered by hydrogen in a given year
shipping_methanol_share	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The share of ships powered by methanol in a given year
shipping_oil_share	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The share of ships powered by oil in a given year
shipping_methanol _efficiency	–	float	The efficiency of methanol-powered ships in the conversion of methanol to meet shipping needs (propulsion). The efficiency increase from oil can be 10-15% higher according to the IEA
shipping_oil_efficiency	–	float	The efficiency of oil-powered ships in the conversion of oil to meet shipping needs (propulsion). Base value derived from 2011
aviation_demand_factor	–	float	The proportion of demand for aviation compared to today’s consumption
HVC_demand_factor	–	float	The proportion of demand for high-value chemicals compared to today’s consumption
time_dep_hp_cop	–	{true, false}	Consider the time dependent coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump
heat_pump_sink_T	°C	float	The temperature heat sink used in heat pumps based on DTU / large area radiators. The value is conservatively high to cover hot water and space heating in poorly-insulated buildings
reduce_space_heat _exogenously	–	{true, false}	Influence on space heating demand by a certain factor (applied before losses in district heating).
reduce_space_heat _exogenously_factor	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	A positive factor can mean renovation or demolition of a building. If the factor is negative, it can mean an increase in floor area, increased thermal comfort, population growth. The default factors are determined by the Eurocalc Homes and buildings decarbonization scenario
retrofitting
– retro_endogen	–	{true, false}	Add retrofitting as an endogenous system which co-optimise space heat savings.
– cost_factor	–	float	Weight costs for building renovation
– interest_rate	–	float	The interest rate for investment in building components
– annualise_cost	–	{true, false}	Annualise the investment costs of retrofitting
– tax_weighting	–	{true, false}	Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on taxes in countries
– construction_index	–	{true, false}	Weight the costs of retrofitting depending on labour/material costs per country
tes	–	{true, false}	Add option for storing thermal energy in large water pits associated with district heating systems and individual thermal energy storage (TES)
tes_tau			The time constant used to calculate the decay of thermal energy in thermal energy storage (TES): 1- \(e^{-1/24τ}\).
– decentral	days	float	The time constant in decentralized thermal energy storage (TES)
– central	days	float	The time constant in centralized thermal energy storage (TES)
boilers	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming gas into heat using gas boilers
resistive_heaters	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming electricity into heat using resistive heaters (independently from gas boilers)
oil_boilers	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming oil into heat using boilers
biomass_boiler	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming biomass into heat using boilers
overdimension_heat_generators			Add option for overdimensioning heating systems by a certain factor. This allows them to cover heat demand peaks e.g. 10% higher than those in the data with a setting of 1.1.
– decentral	–	float	The factor for overdimensioning (increasing CAPEX) decentral heating systems
– central	–	float	The factor for overdimensioning (increasing CAPEX) central heating systems
chp	–	{true, false}	Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
micro_chp	–	{true, false}	Add option for using Combined Heat and Power (CHP) for decentral areas.
solar_thermal	–	{true, false}	Add option for using solar thermal to generate heat.
solar_cf_correction	–	float	The correction factor for the value provided by the solar thermal profile calculations
marginal_cost_storage	currency/MWh	float	The marginal cost of discharging batteries in distributed grids
methanation	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming hydrogen and CO2 into methane using methanation.
coal_cc	–	{true, false}	Add option for coal CHPs with carbon capture
dac	–	{true, false}	Add option for Direct Air Capture (DAC)
co2_vent	–	{true, false}	Add option for vent out CO2 from storages to the atmosphere.
allam_cycle_gas	–	{true, false}	Add option to include Allam cycle gas power plants
hydrogen_fuel_cell	–	{true, false}	Add option to include hydrogen fuel cell for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs
hydrogen_turbine	–	{true, false}	Add option to include hydrogen turbine for re-electrification. Assuming OCGT technology costs
SMR	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR)
SMR CC	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming natural gas into hydrogen and CO2 using Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) and Carbon Capture (CC)
regional_oil_demand	–	{true, false}	Spatially resolve oil demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
regional_co2 _sequestration_potential
– enable	–	{true, false}	Add option for regionally-resolved geological carbon dioxide sequestration potentials based on CO2StoP.
– attribute	–	string or list	Name (or list of names) of the attribute(s) for the sequestration potential
– include_onshore	–	{true, false}	Add options for including onshore sequestration potentials
– min_size	Gt	float	Any sites with lower potential than this value will be excluded
– max_size	Gt	float	The maximum sequestration potential for any one site.
– years_of_storage	years	float	The years until potential exhausted at optimised annual rate
co2_sequestration_potential	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The potential of sequestering CO2 in Europe per year and investment period
co2_sequestration_cost	currency/tCO2	float	The cost of sequestering a ton of CO2
co2_sequestration_lifetime	years	int	The lifetime of a CO2 sequestration site
co2_spatial	–	{true, false}	Add option to spatially resolve carrier representing stored carbon dioxide. This allows for more detailed modelling of CCUTS, e.g. regarding the capturing of industrial process emissions, usage as feedstock for electrofuels, transport of carbon dioxide, and geological sequestration sites.
co2network	–	{true, false}	Add option for planning a new carbon dioxide transmission network
co2_network_cost_factor	p.u.	float	The cost factor for the capital cost of the carbon dioxide transmission network
cc_fraction	–	float	The default fraction of CO2 captured with post-combustion capture
hydrogen_underground _storage	–	{true, false}	Add options for storing hydrogen underground. Storage potential depends regionally.
hydrogen_underground _storage_locations		{onshore, nearshore, offshore}	The location where hydrogen underground storage can be located. Onshore, nearshore, offshore means it must be located more than 50 km away from the sea, within 50 km of the sea, or within the sea itself respectively.
methanol	–	–	Add methanol as carrrier and add enabled methnol technologies
– regional_methanol_demand	–	{true, false}	Spatially resolve methanol demand. Set to true if regional CO2 constraints needed.
– methanol_reforming	–	{true, false}	Add methanol reforming
– methanol_reforming_cc	–	{true, false}	Add methanol reforming with carbon capture
– methanol_to_kerosene	–	{true, false}	Add methanol to kerosene
– methanol_to_power	–	–	Add different methanol to power technologies
– – ccgt	–	{true, false}	Add combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) using methanol
– – ccgt_cc	–	{true, false}	Add combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) with carbon capture using methanol
– – ocgt	–	{true, false}	Add open cycle gas turbine (OCGT) using methanol
– – allam	–	{true, false}	Add Allam cycle gas power plants using methanol
ammonia	–	{true, false, regional}	Add ammonia as a carrrier. It can be either true (copperplated NH3), false (no NH3 carrier) or “regional” (regionalised NH3 without network)
min_part_load_fischer _tropsch	per unit of p_nom	float	The minimum unit dispatch (p_min_pu) for the Fischer-Tropsch process
min_part_load _methanolisation	per unit of p_nom	float	The minimum unit dispatch (p_min_pu) for the methanolisation process
use_fischer_tropsch _waste_heat	–	{true, false}	Add option for using waste heat of Fischer Tropsch in district heating networks
use_fuel_cell_waste_heat	–	{true, false}	Add option for using waste heat of fuel cells in district heating networks
use_electrolysis_waste _heat	–	{true, false}	Add option for using waste heat of electrolysis in district heating networks
electricity_transmission _grid	–	{true, false}	Switch for enabling/disabling the electricity transmission grid.
electricity_distribution _grid	–	{true, false}	Add a simplified representation of the exchange capacity between transmission and distribution grid level through a link.
electricity_distribution _grid_cost_factor			Multiplies the investment cost of the electricity distribution grid
electricity_grid _connection	–	{true, false}	Add the cost of electricity grid connection for onshore wind and solar
transmission_efficiency			Section to specify transmission losses or compression energy demands of bidirectional links. Splits them into two capacity-linked unidirectional links.
– {carrier}	–	str	The carrier of the link.
– – efficiency_static	p.u.	float	Length-independent transmission efficiency.
– – efficiency_per_1000km	p.u. per 1000 km	float	Length-dependent transmission efficiency ($eta^{text{length}}$)
– – compression_per_1000km	p.u. per 1000 km	float	Length-dependent electricity demand for compression ($eta cdot text{length}$) implemented as multi-link to local electricity bus.
H2_network	–	{true, false}	Add option for new hydrogen pipelines
gas_network	–	{true, false}	Add existing natural gas infrastructure, incl. LNG terminals, production and entry-points. The existing gas network is added with a lossless transport model. A length-weighted k-edge augmentation algorithm can be run to add new candidate gas pipelines such that all regions of the model can be connected to the gas network. When activated, all the gas demands are regionally disaggregated as well.
H2_retrofit	–	{true, false}	Add option for retrofiting existing pipelines to transport hydrogen.
H2_retrofit_capacity _per_CH4	–	float	The ratio for H2 capacity per original CH4 capacity of retrofitted pipelines. The European Hydrogen Backbone (April, 2020) p.15 60% of original natural gas capacity could be used in cost-optimal case as H2 capacity.
gas_network_connectivity _upgrade	–	float	The number of desired edge connectivity (k) in the length-weighted k-edge augmentation algorithm used for the gas network
gas_distribution_grid	–	{true, false}	Add a gas distribution grid
gas_distribution_grid _cost_factor			Multiplier for the investment cost of the gas distribution grid
biomass_spatial	–	{true, false}	Add option for resolving biomass demand regionally
biomass_transport	–	{true, false}	Add option for transporting solid biomass between nodes
biogas_upgrading_cc	–	{true, false}	Add option to capture CO2 from biomass upgrading
conventional_generation			Add a more detailed description of conventional carriers. Any power generation requires the consumption of fuel from nodes representing that fuel.
biomass_to_liquid	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming solid biomass into liquid fuel with the same properties as oil
biomass_to_liquid_cc	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming solid biomass into liquid fuel with the same properties as oil with carbon capture
biosng	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming solid biomass into synthesis gas with the same properties as natural gas
biosng_cc	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming solid biomass into synthesis gas with the same properties as natural gas with carbon capture
bioH2	–	{true, false}	Add option for transforming solid biomass into hydrogen with carbon capture
municipal_solid_waste	–	{true, false}	Add option for municipal solid waste
limit_max_growth
– enable	–	{true, false}	Add option to limit the maximum growth of a carrier
– factor	p.u.	float	The maximum growth factor of a carrier (e.g. 1.3 allows 30% larger than max historic growth)
– max_growth
– – {carrier}	GW	float	The historic maximum growth of a carrier
– max_relative_growth
– – {carrier}	p.u.	float	The historic maximum relative growth of a carrier
enhanced_geothermal
– enable	–	{true, false}	Add option to include Enhanced Geothermal Systems
– flexible	–	{true, false}	Add option for flexible operation (see Ricks et al. 2024)
– max_hours	–	int	The maximum hours the reservoir can be charged under flexible operation
– max_boost	–	float	The maximum boost in power output under flexible operation
– var_cf	–	{true, false}	Add option for variable capacity factor (see Ricks et al. 2024)
– sustainability_factor	–	float	Share of sourced heat that is replenished by the earth’s core (see details in build_egs_potentials.py)
solid_biomass_import
– enable	–	{true, false}	Add option to include solid biomass imports
– price	currency/MWh	float	Price for importing solid biomass
– max_amount	Twh	float	Maximum solid biomass import potential
– upstream_emissions_factor	p.u.	float	Upstream emissions of solid biomass imports

industry

Note

Only used for sector-coupling studies.

  industry: true
  agriculture: true
  fossil_fuels: true
  district_heating:
    potential: 0.6
    progress:
      2020: 0.0
      2025: 0.15
      2030: 0.3
      2035: 0.45
      2040: 0.6
      2045: 0.8
      2050: 1.0
    district_heating_loss: 0.15
    supply_temperature_approximation:
      max_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        FR: 110
        DK: 75
        DE: 109
        CZ: 130
        FI: 115
        PL: 130
        SE: 102
        IT: 90
      min_forward_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 82
      return_temperature_baseyear:
        DE: 58
      lower_threshold_ambient_temperature: 0
      upper_threshold_ambient_temperature: 10
      rolling_window_ambient_temperature: 72
      relative_annual_temperature_reduction: 0.01
    heat_source_cooling: 6 #K
    heat_pump_cop_approximation:
      refrigerant: ammonia
      heat_exchanger_pinch_point_temperature_difference: 5 #K
      isentropic_compressor_efficiency: 0.8
      heat_loss: 0.0
  heat_pump_sources:
    urban central:
    - air
    urban decentral:
    - air
    rural:
    - air
    - ground
  cluster_heat_buses: true
  heat_demand_cutout: default
  bev_dsm_restriction_value: 0.75
  bev_dsm_restriction_time: 7
  transport_heating_deadband_upper: 20.
  transport_heating_deadband_lower: 15.
  ICE_lower_degree_factor: 0.375
  ICE_upper_degree_factor: 1.6
  EV_lower_degree_factor: 0.98
  EV_upper_degree_factor: 0.63
  bev_dsm: true
  bev_availability: 0.5
  bev_energy: 0.05
  bev_charge_efficiency: 0.9
  bev_charge_rate: 0.011
  bev_avail_max: 0.95
  bev_avail_mean: 0.8
  v2g: true
  land_transport_fuel_cell_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  land_transport_electric_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.15
    2030: 0.3
    2035: 0.45
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1
  land_transport_ice_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.85
    2030: 0.7
    2035: 0.55
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.15
    2050: 0
  transport_electric_efficiency: 53.19 # 1 MWh_el = 53.19*100 km
  transport_fuel_cell_efficiency: 30.003 # 1 MWh_H2 = 30.003*100 km
  transport_ice_efficiency: 16.0712 # 1 MWh_oil = 16.0712 * 100 km
  agriculture_machinery_electric_share: 0
  agriculture_machinery_oil_share: 1
  agriculture_machinery_fuel_efficiency: 0.7
  agriculture_machinery_electric_efficiency: 0.3
  MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_H2: 0.8787
  MWh_MeOH_per_tCO2: 4.0321
  MWh_MeOH_per_MWh_e: 3.6907
  shipping_hydrogen_liquefaction: false
  shipping_hydrogen_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 0
    2035: 0
    2040: 0
    2045: 0
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_share:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0.15
    2030: 0.3
    2035: 0.5
    2040: 0.7
    2045: 0.85
    2050: 1
  shipping_oil_share:
    2020: 1
    2025: 0.85
    2030: 0.7
    2035: 0.5
    2040: 0.3
    2045: 0.15
    2050: 0
  shipping_methanol_efficiency: 0.46
  shipping_oil_efficiency: 0.40
  aviation_demand_factor: 1.
  HVC_demand_factor: 1.
  time_dep_hp_cop: true
  heat_pump_sink_T_individual_heating: 55.
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously: true
  reduce_space_heat_exogenously_factor:
    2020: 0.10  # this results in a space heat demand reduction of 10%
    2025: 0.09  # first heat demand increases compared to 2020 because of larger floor area per capita
    2030: 0.09
    2035: 0.11
    2040: 0.16
    2045: 0.21
    2050: 0.29
  retrofitting:
    retro_endogen: false
    cost_factor: 1.0
    interest_rate: 0.04
    annualise_cost: true
    tax_weighting: false
    construction_index: true
  tes: true
  tes_tau:
    decentral: 3
    central: 180
  boilers: true
  resistive_heaters: true
  oil_boilers: false
  biomass_boiler: true
  overdimension_heat_generators:
    decentral: 1.1  #to cover demand peaks bigger than data
    central: 1.0
  chp: true
  micro_chp: false
  solar_thermal: true
  solar_cf_correction: 0.788457  # =  >>> 1/1.2683
  marginal_cost_storage: 0. #1e-4
  methanation: true
  coal_cc: false
  dac: true
  co2_vent: false
  central_heat_vent: false
  allam_cycle_gas: false
  hydrogen_fuel_cell: true
  hydrogen_turbine: false
  SMR: true
  SMR_cc: true
  regional_oil_demand: false
  regional_coal_demand: false
  regional_co2_sequestration_potential:
    enable: false
    attribute:
    - conservative estimate Mt
    - conservative estimate GAS Mt
    - conservative estimate OIL Mt
    - conservative estimate aquifer Mt
    include_onshore: false
    min_size: 3
    max_size: 25
    years_of_storage: 25
  co2_sequestration_potential:
    2020: 0
    2025: 0
    2030: 50
    2035: 100
    2040: 200
    2045: 200
    2050: 200
  co2_sequestration_cost: 10
  co2_sequestration_lifetime: 50
  co2_spatial: false
  co2network: false
  co2_network_cost_factor: 1
  cc_fraction: 0.9
  hydrogen_underground_storage: true
  hydrogen_underground_storage_locations:
    # - onshore  # more than 50 km from sea
  - nearshore    # within 50 km of sea
    # - offshore
  methanol:
    regional_methanol_demand: false
    methanol_reforming: false
    methanol_reforming_cc: false
    methanol_to_kerosene: false
    methanol_to_power:
      ccgt: false
      ccgt_cc: false
      ocgt: false
      allam: false
    biomass_to_methanol: false
    biomass_to_methanol_cc: false
  ammonia: false
  min_part_load_fischer_tropsch: 0.5
  min_part_load_methanolisation: 0.3
  min_part_load_methanation: 0.3
  use_fischer_tropsch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_haber_bosch_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanolisation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_methanation_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_fuel_cell_waste_heat: 0.25
  use_electrolysis_waste_heat: 0.25
  electricity_transmission_grid: true
  electricity_distribution_grid: true
  electricity_grid_connection: true
  transmission_efficiency:
    DC:
      efficiency_static: 0.98
      efficiency_per_1000km: 0.977
    H2 pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1 # 0.982
      compression_per_1000km: 0.018
    gas pipeline:
      efficiency_per_1000km: 1 #0.977
      compression_per_1000km: 0.01
    electricity distribution grid:
      efficiency_static: 0.97
  H2_network: true
  gas_network: false
  H2_retrofit: false
  H2_retrofit_capacity_per_CH4: 0.6
  gas_network_connectivity_upgrade: 1
  gas_distribution_grid: true
  gas_distribution_grid_cost_factor: 1.0
  biomass_spatial: false
  biomass_transport: false
  biogas_upgrading_cc: false
  conventional_generation:
    OCGT: gas
  biomass_to_liquid: false
  biomass_to_liquid_cc: false
  electrobiofuels: false
  biosng: false
  biosng_cc: false
  bioH2: false
  municipal_solid_waste: false
  limit_max_growth:
    enable: false
    # allowing 30% larger than max historic growth
    factor: 1.3
    max_growth:  # unit GW
      onwind: 16 # onshore max grow so far 16 GW in Europe https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020/wind
      solar: 28 # solar max grow so far 28 GW in Europe https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2020/solar-pv
      offwind-ac: 35 # offshore max grow so far 3.5 GW in Europe https://windeurope.org/about-wind/statistics/offshore/european-offshore-wind-industry-key-trends-statistics-2019/
      offwind-dc: 35
    max_relative_growth:
      onwind: 3
      solar: 3
      offwind-ac: 3
      offwind-dc: 3
  enhanced_geothermal:
    enable: false
    flexible: true
    max_hours: 240
    max_boost: 0.25
    var_cf: true
    sustainability_factor: 0.0025
  solid_biomass_import:
    enable: false
    price: 54 #EUR/MWh
    max_amount: 1390 # TWh
    upstream_emissions_factor: .1 #share of solid biomass CO2 emissions at full combustion

	Unit	Values	Description
St_primary_fraction	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The fraction of steel produced via primary route versus secondary route (scrap+EAF). Current fraction is 0.6
DRI_fraction	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The fraction of the primary route DRI + EAF
H2_DRI	–	float	The hydrogen consumption in Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) Mwh_H2 LHV/ton_Steel from 51kgH2/tSt in Vogl et al (2018)
elec_DRI	MWh/tSt	float	The electricity consumed in Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) shaft. From HYBRIT brochure
Al_primary_fraction	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The fraction of aluminium produced via the primary route versus scrap. Current fraction is 0.4
MWh_NH3_per_tNH3	LHV	float	The energy amount per ton of ammonia.
MWh_CH4_per_tNH3_SMR	–	float	The energy amount of methane needed to produce a ton of ammonia using steam methane reforming (SMR). Value derived from 2012’s demand from Center for European Policy Studies (2008)
MWh_elec_per_tNH3_SMR	–	float	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of ammonia using steam methane reforming (SMR). same source, assuming 94-6% split methane-elec of total energy demand 11.5 MWh/tNH3
Mwh_H2_per_tNH3 _electrolysis	–	float	The energy amount of hydrogen needed to produce a ton of ammonia using Haber–Bosch process. From Wang et al (2018), Base value assumed around 0.197 tH2/tHN3 (>3/17 since some H2 lost and used for energy)
Mwh_elec_per_tNH3 _electrolysis	–	float	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of ammonia using Haber–Bosch process. From Wang et al (2018), Table 13 (air separation and HB)
Mwh_NH3_per_MWh _H2_cracker	–	float	The energy amount of amonia needed to produce an energy amount hydrogen using ammonia cracker
NH3_process_emissions	MtCO2/a	float	The emission of ammonia production from steam methane reforming (SMR). From UNFCCC for 2015 for EU28
petrochemical_process _emissions	MtCO2/a	float	The emission of petrochemical production. From UNFCCC for 2015 for EU28
HVC_primary_fraction	–	float	The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) produced via primary route
HVC_mechanical_recycling _fraction	–	float	The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) produced using mechanical recycling
HVC_chemical_recycling _fraction	–	float	The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) produced using chemical recycling
HVC_environment_sequestration_fraction	–	float	The fraction of high value chemicals (HVC) put into landfill resulting in additional carbon sequestration. The default value is 0.
waste_to_energy	–	bool	Switch to enable expansion of waste to energy CHPs for conversion of plastics. Default is false.
waste_to_energy_cc	–	bool	Switch to enable expansion of waste to energy CHPs for conversion of plastics with carbon capture. Default is false.
sector_ratios_fraction_future	–	Dictionary with planning horizons as keys.	The fraction of total progress in fuel and process switching achieved in the industry sector.
basic_chemicals_without_NH3_production_today	Mt/a	float	The amount of basic chemicals produced without ammonia (= 86 Mtethylene-equiv - 17 MtNH3).
HVC_production_today	MtHVC/a	float	The amount of high value chemicals (HVC) produced. This includes ethylene, propylene and BTX. From DECHEMA (2017), Figure 16, page 107
Mwh_elec_per_tHVC _mechanical_recycling	MWh/tHVC	float	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of high value chemical (HVC) using mechanical recycling. From SI of Meys et al (2020), Table S5, for HDPE, PP, PS, PET. LDPE would be 0.756.
Mwh_elec_per_tHVC _chemical_recycling	MWh/tHVC	float	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of high value chemical (HVC) using chemical recycling. The default value is based on pyrolysis and electric steam cracking. From Material Economics (2019), page 125
chlorine_production _today	MtCl/a	float	The amount of chlorine produced. From DECHEMA (2017), Table 7, page 43
MWh_elec_per_tCl	MWh/tCl	float	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of chlorine. From DECHEMA (2017), Table 6 page 43
MWh_H2_per_tCl	MWhH2/tCl	float	The energy amount of hydrogen needed to produce a ton of chlorine. The value is negative since hydrogen produced in chloralkali process. From DECHEMA (2017), page 43
methanol_production _today	MtMeOH/a	float	The amount of methanol produced. From DECHEMA (2017), page 62
MWh_elec_per_tMeOH	MWh/tMeOH	float	The energy amount of electricity needed to produce a ton of methanol. From DECHEMA (2017), Table 14, page 65
MWh_CH4_per_tMeOH	MWhCH4/tMeOH	float	The energy amount of methane needed to produce a ton of methanol. From DECHEMA (2017), Table 14, page 65
MWh_MeOH_per_tMeOH	LHV	float	The energy amount per ton of methanol. From DECHEMA (2017), page 74.
hotmaps_locate_missing	–	{true,false}	Locate industrial sites without valid locations based on city and countries.
reference_year	year	YYYY	The year used as the baseline for industrial energy demand and production. Data extracted from JRC-IDEES 2015
oil_refining_emissions	tCO2/MWh	float	The emissions from oil fuel processing (e.g. oil in petrochemical refinieries). The default value of 0.013 tCO2/MWh is based on DE statistics for 2019; the EU value is very similar.

costs

costs:
  year: 2030
  version: v0.9.2
  social_discountrate: 0.02
  fill_values:
    FOM: 0
    VOM: 0
    efficiency: 1
    fuel: 0
    investment: 0
    lifetime: 25
    "CO2 intensity": 0
    "discount rate": 0.07
  # Marginal and capital costs can be overwritten
  # capital_cost:
  #   onwind: 500
  marginal_cost:
    solar: 0.01
    onwind: 0.015
    offwind: 0.015
    hydro: 0.
    H2: 0.
    electrolysis: 0.
    fuel cell: 0.
    battery: 0.
    battery inverter: 0.
  emission_prices:
    enable: false
    co2: 0.
    co2_monthly_prices: false

	Unit	Values	Description
year	–	YYYY; e.g. ‘2030’	Year for which to retrieve cost assumptions of resources/costs.csv.
version	–	vX.X.X or <user>/<repo>/vX.X.X; e.g. ‘v0.5.0’	Version of technology-data repository to use. If this string is of the form <user>/<repo>/<version> then costs are instead retrieved from github.com/<user>/<repo> at the <version> tag.
social_discountrate	p.u.	float	Social discount rate to compare costs in different investment periods. 0.02 corresponds to a social discount rate of 2%.
fill_values	–	float	Default values if not specified for a technology in resources/costs.csv.
capital_cost	EUR/MW	Keys should be in the ‘technology’ column of resources/costs.csv. Values can be any float.	For the given technologies, assumptions about their capital investment costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from resources/costs.csv.
marginal_cost	EUR/MWh	Keys should be in the ‘technology’ column of resources/costs.csv. Values can be any float.	For the given technologies, assumptions about their marginal operating costs are set to the corresponding value. Optional; overwrites cost assumptions from resources/costs.csv.
emission_prices			Specify exogenous prices for emission types listed in network.carriers to marginal costs.
– enable	bool	true or false	Add cost for a carbon-dioxide price configured in costs: emission_prices: co2 to marginal_cost of generators (other emission types listed in network.carriers possible as well)
– co2	EUR/t	float	Exogenous price of carbon-dioxide added to the marginal costs of fossil-fuelled generators according to their carbon intensity. Added through the keyword Ep in the {opts} wildcard only in the rule prepare_network`.
– co2_monthly_price	bool	true or false	Add monthly cost for a carbon-dioxide price based on historical values built by the rule build_monthly_prices

clustering

clustering:
  focus_weights: false
  simplify_network:
    to_substations: false
    remove_stubs: true
    remove_stubs_across_borders: false
  cluster_network:
    algorithm: kmeans
    hac_features:
    - wnd100m
    - influx_direct
  exclude_carriers: []
  consider_efficiency_classes: false
  aggregation_strategies:
    generators:
      committable: any
      ramp_limit_up: max
      ramp_limit_down: max
  temporal:
    resolution_elec: false
    resolution_sector: false

	Unit	Values	Description
focus_weights			Optionally specify the focus weights for the clustering of countries. For instance: DE: 0.8 will distribute 80% of all nodes to Germany and 20% to the rest of the countries.
simplify_network
– to_substations	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Aggregates all nodes without power injection (positive or negative, i.e. demand or generation) to electrically closest ones
– exclude_carriers	list	List of Str like [ ‘solar’, ‘onwind’] or empy list []	List of carriers which will not be aggregated. If empty, all carriers will be aggregated.
– remove stubs	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Controls whether radial parts of the network should be recursively aggregated. Defaults to true.
– remove_stubs_across_borders	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Controls whether radial parts of the network should be recursively aggregated across borders. Defaults to true.
cluster_network
– algorithm	str	One of {‘kmeans’, ‘hac’}
– hac_features	list	List of meteorological variables contained in the weather data cutout that should be considered for hierarchical clustering.
exclude_carriers	list	List of Str like [ ‘solar’, ‘onwind’] or empy list []	List of carriers which will not be aggregated. If empty, all carriers will be aggregated.
consider_efficiency_classes	bool	{‘true’,’false’}	Aggregated each carriers into the top 10-quantile (high), the bottom 90-quantile (low), and everything in between (medium).
aggregation_strategies
– generators
– – {key}	str	{key} can be any of the component of the generator (str). It’s value can be any that can be converted to pandas.Series using getattr(). For example one of {min, max, sum}.	Aggregates the component according to the given strategy. For example, if sum, then all values within each cluster are summed to represent the new generator.
– buses
– – {key}	str	{key} can be any of the component of the bus (str). It’s value can be any that can be converted to pandas.Series using getattr(). For example one of {min, max, sum}.	Aggregates the component according to the given strategy. For example, if sum, then all values within each cluster are summed to represent the new bus.
temporal			Options for temporal resolution
– resolution_elec	–	{false,``nH``; i.e. 2H-6H}	Resample the time-resolution by averaging over every n snapshots in prepare_network. Warning: This option should currently only be used with electricity-only networks, not for sector-coupled networks.
– resolution_sector	–	{false,``nH``; i.e. 2H-6H}	Resample the time-resolution by averaging over every n snapshots in prepare_sector_network.

Note

feature: in simplify_network: are only relevant if hac were chosen in algorithm.

Tip

use min in p_nom_max: for more ` conservative assumptions.

adjustments

  manual_adjustments: true # false
  scaling_factor: 1.0
  fixed_year: false # false or year (e.g. 2013)
  supplement_synthetic: true
  distribution_key:
    gdp: 0.6
    population: 0.4

	Unit	Values	Description
adjustments
– electricity	bool or dict		Parameter adjustments applied in prepare_network.
– – factor			Multiply original value with given factor
– – absolute			Set attribute to absolute value
– – – {component}			PyPSA component in prepare_network.
– – – – {carrier}			Any carrier of the network to which parameter adjustment factor should be applied.
– – – – – {attr}	float	per-unit	Attribute to which parameter adjustment factor should be applied.
– sector	bool or dict		Parameter adjustments applied in prepare_sector_network.
– – factor			Multiply original value with given factor
– – absolute			Set attribute to absolute value
– – – {component}			PyPSA component in prepare_network.
– – – – {carrier}			Any carrier of the network to which parameter adjustment factor should be applied.
– – – – – {attr}	Float or dict	per-unit	Attribute to which parameter adjustment factor should be applied. Can be also a dictionary with planning horizons as keys.

solving

solving:
  #tmpdir: "path/to/tmp"
  options:
    clip_p_max_pu: 1.e-2
    load_shedding: false
    curtailment_mode: false
    noisy_costs: true
    skip_iterations: true
    rolling_horizon: false
    seed: 123
    custom_extra_functionality: "../data/custom_extra_functionality.py"
    # io_api: "direct"  # Increases performance but only supported for the highs and gurobi solvers
    # options that go into the optimize function
    track_iterations: false
    min_iterations: 2
    max_iterations: 3
    transmission_losses: 2
    linearized_unit_commitment: true
    horizon: 365
    post_discretization:
      enable: false
      line_unit_size: 1700
      line_threshold: 0.3
      link_unit_size:
        DC: 2000
        H2 pipeline: 1200
        gas pipeline: 1500
      link_threshold:
        DC: 0.3
        H2 pipeline: 0.3
        gas pipeline: 0.3
      fractional_last_unit_size: false

  agg_p_nom_limits:
    agg_offwind: false
    include_existing: false
    file: data/agg_p_nom_minmax.csv

  constraints:
    CCL: false
    EQ: false
    BAU: false
    SAFE: false

  solver:
    name: gurobi
    options: gurobi-default

  solver_options:
    highs-default:
      # refer to https://ergo-code.github.io/HiGHS/dev/options/definitions/
      threads: 1
      solver: "ipm"
      run_crossover: "off"
      small_matrix_value: 1e-6
      large_matrix_value: 1e9
      primal_feasibility_tolerance: 1e-5
      dual_feasibility_tolerance: 1e-5
      ipm_optimality_tolerance: 1e-4
      parallel: "on"
      random_seed: 123
    gurobi-default:
      threads: 8
      method: 2 # barrier
      crossover: 0
      BarConvTol: 1.e-6
      Seed: 123
      AggFill: 0
      PreDual: 0
      GURO_PAR_BARDENSETHRESH: 200
    gurobi-numeric-focus:
      NumericFocus: 3       # Favour numeric stability over speed
      method: 2             # barrier
      crossover: 0          # do not use crossover
      BarHomogeneous: 1     # Use homogeneous barrier if standard does not converge
      BarConvTol: 1.e-5
      FeasibilityTol: 1.e-4
      OptimalityTol: 1.e-4
      ObjScale: -0.5
      threads: 8
      Seed: 123
    gurobi-fallback:        # Use gurobi defaults
      crossover: 0
      method: 2             # barrier
      BarHomogeneous: 1     # Use homogeneous barrier if standard does not converge
      BarConvTol: 1.e-5
      FeasibilityTol: 1.e-5
      OptimalityTol: 1.e-5
      Seed: 123
      threads: 8
    cplex-default:
      threads: 4
      lpmethod: 4 # barrier
      solutiontype: 2 # non basic solution, ie no crossover
      barrier.convergetol: 1.e-5
      feasopt.tolerance: 1.e-6
    copt-default:
      Threads: 8
      LpMethod: 2
      Crossover: 0
      RelGap: 1.e-6
      Dualize: 0
    copt-gpu:
      LpMethod: 6
      GPUMode: 1
      PDLPTol: 1.e-5
      Crossover: 0
    cbc-default: {} # Used in CI
    glpk-default: {} # Used in CI

  mem_mb: 30000 #memory in MB; 20 GB enough for 50+B+I+H2; 100 GB for 181+B+I+H2
  runtime: 6h #runtime in humanfriendly style https://humanfriendly.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

plotting

Warning

More comprehensive documentation for this segment will be released soon.

plotting:
  map:
    boundaries: [-11, 30, 34, 71]
    color_geomap:
      ocean: white
      land: white
  projection:
    name: "EqualEarth"
    # See https://scitools.org.uk/cartopy/docs/latest/reference/projections.html for alternatives, for example:
    # name: "LambertConformal"
    # central_longitude: 10.
    # central_latitude: 50.
    # standard_parallels: [35, 65]
  eu_node_location:
    x: -5.5
    y: 46.
  costs_max: 1000
  costs_threshold: 1
  energy_max: 20000
  energy_min: -20000
  energy_threshold: 50.

  nice_names:
    OCGT: "Open-Cycle Gas"
    CCGT: "Combined-Cycle Gas"
    offwind-ac: "Offshore Wind (AC)"
    offwind-dc: "Offshore Wind (DC)"
    offwind-float: "Offshore Wind (Floating)"
    onwind: "Onshore Wind"
    solar: "Solar"
    PHS: "Pumped Hydro Storage"
    hydro: "Reservoir & Dam"
    battery: "Battery Storage"
    H2: "Hydrogen Storage"
    lines: "Transmission Lines"
    ror: "Run of River"
    load: "Load Shedding"
    ac: "AC"
    dc: "DC"

  tech_colors:
    # wind
    onwind: "#235ebc"
    onshore wind: "#235ebc"
    offwind: "#6895dd"
    offshore wind: "#6895dd"
    offwind-ac: "#6895dd"
    offshore wind (AC): "#6895dd"
    offshore wind ac: "#6895dd"
    offwind-dc: "#74c6f2"
    offshore wind (DC): "#74c6f2"
    offshore wind dc: "#74c6f2"
    offwind-float: "#b5e2fa"
    offshore wind (Float): "#b5e2fa"
    offshore wind float: "#b5e2fa"
    # water
    hydro: '#298c81'
    hydro reservoir: '#298c81'
    ror: '#3dbfb0'
    run of river: '#3dbfb0'
    hydroelectricity: '#298c81'
    PHS: '#51dbcc'
    hydro+PHS: "#08ad97"
    # solar
    solar: "#f9d002"
    solar PV: "#f9d002"
    solar-hsat: "#fdb915"
    solar thermal: '#ffbf2b'
    residential rural solar thermal: '#f1c069'
    services rural solar thermal: '#eabf61'
    residential urban decentral solar thermal: '#e5bc5a'
    services urban decentral solar thermal: '#dfb953'
    urban central solar thermal: '#d7b24c'
    solar rooftop: '#ffea80'
    # gas
    OCGT: '#e0986c'
    OCGT marginal: '#e0986c'
    OCGT-heat: '#e0986c'
    gas boiler: '#db6a25'
    gas boilers: '#db6a25'
    gas boiler marginal: '#db6a25'
    residential rural gas boiler: '#d4722e'
    residential urban decentral gas boiler: '#cb7a36'
    services rural gas boiler: '#c4813f'
    services urban decentral gas boiler: '#ba8947'
    urban central gas boiler: '#b0904f'
    gas: '#e05b09'
    fossil gas: '#e05b09'
    natural gas: '#e05b09'
    biogas to gas: '#e36311'
    biogas to gas CC: '#e51245'
    CCGT: '#a85522'
    CCGT marginal: '#a85522'
    allam: '#B98F76'
    gas for industry co2 to atmosphere: '#692e0a'
    gas for industry co2 to stored: '#8a3400'
    gas for industry: '#853403'
    gas for industry CC: '#692e0a'
    gas pipeline: '#ebbca0'
    gas pipeline new: '#a87c62'
    # oil
    oil: '#c9c9c9'
    oil primary: '#d2d2d2'
    oil refining: '#e6e6e6'
    imported oil: '#a3a3a3'
    oil boiler: '#adadad'
    residential rural oil boiler: '#a9a9a9'
    services rural oil boiler: '#a5a5a5'
    residential urban decentral oil boiler: '#a1a1a1'
    urban central oil boiler: '#9d9d9d'
    services urban decentral oil boiler: '#999999'
    agriculture machinery oil: '#949494'
    shipping oil: "#808080"
    land transport oil: '#afafaf'
    # nuclear
    Nuclear: '#ff8c00'
    Nuclear marginal: '#ff8c00'
    nuclear: '#ff8c00'
    uranium: '#ff8c00'
    # coal
    Coal: '#545454'
    coal: '#545454'
    Coal marginal: '#545454'
    coal for industry: '#343434'
    solid: '#545454'
    Lignite: '#826837'
    lignite: '#826837'
    Lignite marginal: '#826837'
    # biomass
    biogas: '#e3d37d'
    biomass: '#baa741'
    solid biomass: '#baa741'
    municipal solid waste: '#91ba41'
    solid biomass import: '#d5ca8d'
    solid biomass transport: '#baa741'
    solid biomass for industry: '#7a6d26'
    solid biomass for industry CC: '#47411c'
    solid biomass for industry co2 from atmosphere: '#736412'
    solid biomass for industry co2 to stored: '#47411c'
    urban central solid biomass CHP: '#9d9042'
    urban central solid biomass CHP CC: '#6c5d28'
    biomass boiler: '#8A9A5B'
    residential rural biomass boiler: '#a1a066'
    residential urban decentral biomass boiler: '#b0b87b'
    services rural biomass boiler: '#c6cf98'
    services urban decentral biomass boiler: '#dde5b5'
    biomass to liquid: '#32CD32'
    unsustainable solid biomass: '#998622'
    unsustainable bioliquids: '#32CD32'
    electrobiofuels: 'red'
    BioSNG: '#123456'
    solid biomass to hydrogen: '#654321'
    # power transmission
    lines: '#6c9459'
    transmission lines: '#6c9459'
    electricity distribution grid: '#97ad8c'
    low voltage: '#97ad8c'
    # electricity demand
    Electric load: '#110d63'
    electric demand: '#110d63'
    electricity: '#110d63'
    industry electricity: '#2d2a66'
    industry new electricity: '#2d2a66'
    agriculture electricity: '#494778'
    # battery + EVs
    battery: '#ace37f'
    battery storage: '#ace37f'
    battery charger: '#88a75b'
    battery discharger: '#5d4e29'
    home battery: '#80c944'
    home battery storage: '#80c944'
    home battery charger: '#5e8032'
    home battery discharger: '#3c5221'
    BEV charger: '#baf238'
    V2G: '#e5ffa8'
    land transport EV: '#baf238'
    land transport demand: '#38baf2'
    EV battery: '#baf238'
    # hot water storage
    water tanks: '#e69487'
    residential rural water tanks: '#f7b7a3'
    services rural water tanks: '#f3afa3'
    residential urban decentral water tanks: '#f2b2a3'
    services urban decentral water tanks: '#f1b4a4'
    urban central water tanks: '#e9977d'
    hot water storage: '#e69487'
    hot water charging: '#e8998b'
    urban central water tanks charger: '#b57a67'
    residential rural water tanks charger: '#b4887c'
    residential urban decentral water tanks charger: '#b39995'
    services rural water tanks charger: '#b3abb0'
    services urban decentral water tanks charger: '#b3becc'
    hot water discharging: '#e99c8e'
    urban central water tanks discharger: '#b9816e'
    residential rural water tanks discharger: '#ba9685'
    residential urban decentral water tanks discharger: '#baac9e'
    services rural water tanks discharger: '#bbc2b8'
    services urban decentral water tanks discharger: '#bdd8d3'
    # heat demand
    Heat load: '#cc1f1f'
    heat: '#cc1f1f'
    heat vent: '#aa3344'
    heat demand: '#cc1f1f'
    rural heat: '#ff5c5c'
    residential rural heat: '#ff7c7c'
    services rural heat: '#ff9c9c'
    central heat: '#cc1f1f'
    urban central heat: '#d15959'
    urban central heat vent: '#a74747'
    decentral heat: '#750606'
    residential urban decentral heat: '#a33c3c'
    services urban decentral heat: '#cc1f1f'
    low-temperature heat for industry: '#8f2727'
    process heat: '#ff0000'
    agriculture heat: '#d9a5a5'
    # heat supply
    heat pumps: '#2fb537'
    heat pump: '#2fb537'
    air heat pump: '#36eb41'
    residential urban decentral air heat pump: '#48f74f'
    services urban decentral air heat pump: '#5af95d'
    services rural air heat pump: '#5af95d'
    urban central air heat pump: '#6cfb6b'
    ground heat pump: '#2fb537'
    residential rural ground heat pump: '#48f74f'
    residential rural air heat pump: '#48f74f'
    services rural ground heat pump: '#5af95d'
    Ambient: '#98eb9d'
    CHP: '#8a5751'
    urban central gas CHP: '#8d5e56'
    CHP CC: '#634643'
    urban central gas CHP CC: '#6e4e4c'
    CHP heat: '#8a5751'
    CHP electric: '#8a5751'
    district heating: '#e8beac'
    resistive heater: '#d8f9b8'
    residential rural resistive heater: '#bef5b5'
    residential urban decentral resistive heater: '#b2f1a9'
    services rural resistive heater: '#a5ed9d'
    services urban decentral resistive heater: '#98e991'
    urban central resistive heater: '#8cdf85'
    retrofitting: '#8487e8'
    building retrofitting: '#8487e8'
    # hydrogen
    H2 for industry: "#f073da"
    H2 for shipping: "#ebaee0"
    H2: '#bf13a0'
    hydrogen: '#bf13a0'
    retrofitted H2 boiler: '#e5a0d9'
    SMR: '#870c71'
    SMR CC: '#4f1745'
    H2 liquefaction: '#d647bd'
    hydrogen storage: '#bf13a0'
    H2 Store: '#bf13a0'
    H2 storage: '#bf13a0'
    land transport fuel cell: '#6b3161'
    H2 pipeline: '#f081dc'
    H2 pipeline retrofitted: '#ba99b5'
    H2 Fuel Cell: '#c251ae'
    H2 fuel cell: '#c251ae'
    H2 turbine: '#991f83'
    H2 Electrolysis: '#ff29d9'
    H2 electrolysis: '#ff29d9'
    # ammonia
    NH3: '#46caf0'
    ammonia: '#46caf0'
    ammonia store: '#00ace0'
    ammonia cracker: '#87d0e6'
    Haber-Bosch: '#076987'
    # syngas
    Sabatier: '#9850ad'
    methanation: '#c44ce6'
    methane: '#c44ce6'
    # synfuels
    Fischer-Tropsch: '#25c49a'
    liquid: '#25c49a'
    kerosene for aviation: '#a1ffe6'
    naphtha for industry: '#57ebc4'
    methanol-to-kerosene: '#C98468'
    methanol-to-olefins/aromatics: '#FFA07A'
    Methanol steam reforming: '#FFBF00'
    Methanol steam reforming CC: '#A2EA8A'
    methanolisation: '#00FFBF'
    biomass-to-methanol: '#EAD28A'
    biomass-to-methanol CC: '#EADBAD'
    allam methanol: '#B98F76'
    CCGT methanol: '#B98F76'
    CCGT methanol CC: '#B98F76'
    OCGT methanol: '#B98F76'
    methanol: '#FF7B00'
    methanol transport: '#FF7B00'
    shipping methanol: '#468c8b'
    industry methanol: '#468c8b'
    # co2
    CC: '#f29dae'
    CCS: '#f29dae'
    CO2 sequestration: '#f29dae'
    DAC: '#ff5270'
    co2 stored: '#f2385a'
    co2 sequestered: '#f2682f'
    co2: '#f29dae'
    co2 vent: '#ffd4dc'
    CO2 pipeline: '#f5627f'
    # emissions
    process emissions CC: '#000000'
    process emissions: '#222222'
    process emissions to stored: '#444444'
    process emissions to atmosphere: '#888888'
    oil emissions: '#aaaaaa'
    shipping oil emissions: "#555555"
    shipping methanol emissions: '#666666'
    land transport oil emissions: '#777777'
    agriculture machinery oil emissions: '#333333'
    # other
    shipping: '#03a2ff'
    power-to-heat: '#2fb537'
    power-to-gas: '#c44ce6'
    power-to-H2: '#ff29d9'
    power-to-liquid: '#25c49a'
    gas-to-power/heat: '#ee8340'
    waste: '#e3d37d'
    other: '#000000'
    geothermal: '#ba91b1'
    geothermal heat: '#ba91b1'
    geothermal district heat: '#d19D00'
    geothermal organic rankine cycle: '#ffbf00'
    AC: "#70af1d"
    AC-AC: "#70af1d"
    AC line: "#70af1d"
    links: "#8a1caf"
    HVDC links: "#8a1caf"
    DC: "#8a1caf"
    DC-DC: "#8a1caf"
    DC link: "#8a1caf"
    load: "#dd2e23"
    waste CHP: '#e3d37d'
    waste CHP CC: '#e3d3ff'
    HVC to air: 'k'